Changing Politics and Power Relations

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Changing Politics and Power Relations

• European colonialism and a changing Middle East,
  1798-1920s

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W. European Transformation
New state types Emergence of the national state
New economies Exploration, exploitation, industri
alization New ideas Science and Enlightenment n
ew scientific discourses New identities Us an
d Them, Civilized world and uncivilized
world, Orient Occident gradual emergence of
nationalism
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French invasion of Egypt, 1798-1801
Right, Geromes Napoleon in Egypt (1863)
A romanticized painting of Napoleon inspecting a
mummy at the Pyramids.
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Definitions

• Imperialism
• Policy of extending control over foreign entities
  either thru direct or indirect political or
  economic intervention
  
• Colonialism
• System in which a state claims sovereignty over a
  foreign people, its resources, its territory

Cecil Rhodes, From Cape to Cairo, as depicted
in a 19th c. Punch magazine.
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Imperialism in Africa, late 19th-early 20th
century
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ResponsesTransformations in Ottoman rule, 19th
century

• Ottoman reform The Tanzimat, 1830s-1870s
• Question from reading What was the Tanzimat?
  What new duties did the Ottoman state take on
  during this time that differed from those in the
  past?
• Nationalism
• loss of Ottoman territories, communal violence
• Question from reading What impact did loss of
  Ottoman territories have on the empire?
  
• From Young Ottomans to Young Turks
• Erosion of Ottoman economic and political
  independence
  
• Capitulations
• European protection of non-Muslim minorities
• 1881 Public Debt Administration

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Interactions, settlements, occupations

• British outposts on the Arabian Peninsula, 1799
• New settler colonialisms in North Africa
• French and German investments and trade
• French annexation of Algeria, 1834
• British administrative occupation of Egypt, 1882
• Russian and British imperialism in Iran
• Jewish emigration to Palestine, late 19th-20th
  centuries
  

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The end of EmpireWorld War I and its aftermath

• Choosing the wrong side The Ottomans in WWI
• Secret European agreements that divide up the
  empire into European-controlled areas
  
• Skyes-Picot
• Conflicting promises

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Ottoman soldiers marching in WWI. Source
Imperial War Museum, posted on Encarta.com
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New Maps the Mandate System

• League of Nations-sanctioned
• Colonialism under new guise?
• certain parts of the world under trusteeship of
  various victorious European powers
  
• British mandates in the MidEast Palestine, Iraq,
  Transjordan
  
• French mandates in the MidEast Syria, Lebanon

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Outside the Mandate

• Independence Turkey
• Mostly independent Yemen, Saudi Arabia
• Direct colonial rule Libya (Italy) Algeria,
  Morocco, Tunisia (French)
  
• External control influence Iran (Britain,
  Russia, U.S.), Egypt (Britain)
  
• British treaties of protection Kuwait, Oman,
  U.A.E.

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The Practices of Colonialism

• What did the colonial state look like (Owen,
  pp. 11-16)?
  
• How did colonial authorities rule and/or maintain
  control? (Owen, pp. 16-19)
  
• What specific practices did they use to try and
  discipline both body and mind? Did European
  colonial authorities rule alone or did they
  have help?
• What new types of politics emerged under colonial
  rule? (Owen, pp. 19-23)

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Independence When and How

• Military Coup Egypt (1952), Iraq (1958)
• Revolution Iran (1979)
• War Turkey (1920-1923), Algeria (1954-1962),
  Israel (1948)
  
• Uprising and Int. Agreement Libya, Syria,
  Lebanon (after WWII)
  
• Treaty Jordan (1946/8), Tunisia (1956), Morocco
  (1956)
  
• Communities promised states/autonomy that did not
  receive them Palestinian Arabs, Kurds, Armenians

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Long-term impacts of colonialism

• Creation of new, national states in place of the
  Ottoman Empire (Iraq, Jordan, Israel, Turkey,
  etc.)
  
• Implanting of western-supported regimes
  (especially monarchies) that use violence to
  maintain authority. In many cases, these would
  later be violently overthrown.
• Centralization of political power. Loss of rural
  autonomy.
  
• Reorganization of social relationships among
  different groups.
  
• Privileging of some religious and social groups
  over others, leading to future conflict.
  
• Massive economic disruption. New economic
  relationships, with arrangements particularly
  benefiting western powers
  
• New models nationalism, modernity vs
  traditional