Metabolic Pathways

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Metabolic Pathways

• But first

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Labs and Lesson Plans

• How to Write Lesson Plans

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Labs and Lesson Plans

• What is helpful in a lesson plan?
• What area of science
• Goals (Students will)
• Benchmarks

http//www.edtechpolicy.org/CourseInfo/AssessDesig
nFlow.gif
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Labs and Lesson Plans

• Information to put it together
• How long it will take to assemble
• How much it will cost initially

http//www.getworksheets.com/samples/lessonplans/s
cience.html
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Labs and Lesson Plans

• How long, how much for additional years?
• Cost for consumable supplies
• Time for set up, lesson, clean up, improve and
  store

http//oz.plymouth.edu/wwf/distillation_files/ima
ge001.jpg
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Labs and Lesson Plans

• Background Introduction and Discussion
• Introducing this topic, presenting the
  information your students need to achieve goals
  of this lesson plan

http//www.infovisual.info/02/029_en.html
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Labs and Lesson Plans

• Background, Introduction, Discussion
• Spend time researching and writing this section.
  Quick read in following years, and you are up to
  speed.

http//blog.duarte.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/
info-anxiety-2-dogsslideol.gif
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Labs and Lesson Plans

• Directions
• Clearly written, step by step directions students
  follow to achieve stated goals
• Include any data sheets needed for completion of
  this lesson plan

http//ag.arizona.edu/pubs/insects/ahb/act28.gif
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Labs and Lesson Plans

• Wrap-up
• Review of discussion material
• Review of experiment
• Review of Data
• What does it mean?

http//www.arborsci.com/CoolStuff/Chlorophyll.jpg
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Labs and Lesson Plans

• Assessment
• Evaluating what students gained from this
  particular experience
• Evaluating student preparation for benchmark
  testing

http//www.sasked.gov.sk.ca/docs/midlsci/images/fi
gure7.gif
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Labs and Lesson Plans

• Transformation
• What are the underlying concepts that this
  particular lesson emphasizes?
• Without transforming the specifics of this lesson
  to the general concept, students rarely make that
  connection

http//www.benbest.com/cryonics/icecryst.gif http
//smartden.de/uploads/images/3d/ice_cubes_xs.jpg
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Metabolic Pathways

• How cells function

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Global Warming

• Climatic Cycles
• Glacial Periods
• Global Warming
• Causes?
• Gases in atmosphere
• Carbon Dioxide
• Methane
• Nitrous Oxide
• Water Vapor
• Milankovitch cycle

http//www.whrc.org/carbon/index.htm
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Global Warming

• Carbon Dioxide
• Use of fossil fuels
• Burning rainforest
• Methane
• Rice paddies
• Livestock (cows)
• Nitrous Oxide
• Nitrogen based fertilizers
• Industry

http//www.nysforum.org/documents/html/2007/execco
mmittee/may/enterprisepowerconsumptionreduction_fi
les/images/image6.png
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Global Warming

• Milankovitch cycle
• Eccentricity 100,000 years.
• Obliquity 41,000 years 21.5 to 24.5
• Precession 26,000 years.

http//www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/vis2003/Tas
aDemo.html
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Eccentricity

• Distance to the sun
• 100,000 year cycle
• Winter in North at Perihelion, and therefore
  shorter than summer
• Low eccentricity of 0.005
• High eccentricity of 0.058
• Mean eccentricity of 0.028
• Present eccentricity 0.017
• Moving towards low centricity - warming

Perihelion
Aphelion
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileEccentricity_hal
f.svg
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Obliquity

• Tilt of the Axis
• 41,000 year cycle
• Minimum tilt is 21.1º
• Maximum tilt is 24.5º
• Currently at 23.5º
• Tilt is decreasing - cooling

http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61
/AxialTiltObliquity.png
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Precession

• Wobble like a top
• Completes the wobble every 21,000 years
• Other north stars, Thuban in Draco and Vega in
  Lyra
• Top 10 sec
• Both 33 sec

http//stardate.org/images/gallery/d_procession.jp
g
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Milankovitch Cycles

• These three cycles, in combination, can alter
  climate
• Eccentricity
• Obliquity
• Precession
• Milankovitch 2.38 min

http//www.cgd.ucar.edu/research/highlights/sectio
n/milankovitch.jpg
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Global Warming

• Other Factors
• Volcanos
• Gases
• Particles in air reflect sunlight energy

http//vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/MSH/Images/MSH8
0_may_18_eruption_column_05-18-80_bw_med.jpg
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Gaia

• The Gaia hypothesis is an ecological theory that
  proposes that the living matter of planet Earth
  functions like a single organism.

http//apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap990131.html
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Equilibrium

• Maintained though various cycles

http//www.elmhurst.edu/chm/vchembook/images2/184
waterequi.gif
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Cycles

• In a dynamic system, there are many different
  cycles
• For example, the water cycle

http//ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/graphics/watercyclehi
gh.jpg
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Other Important Cycles

• Rock Cycle
• Carbon Cycle
• Nitrogen Cycle
• Phosphorous Cycle
• Calcium Cycle

http//www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/cu
rrent/lectures/kling/carbon_cycle/carbon_cycle.jpg
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Oxygen Cycle

• Hypothesized to have originally poisoned Earths
  organisms by changing the atmosphere
• Produced ozone
• High Energy Electron Accepter

http//telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s4/graphics/
embedded/cycleoxygentest.png
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Cellular Energy

• ATP production

http//biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio104/cellresp.
htm http//www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/z
oology/AnimalPhysiology/Anatomy/AnimalCellStructur
e/Mitochondria/mitochondria.jpg
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Cellular Respiration

• It takes energy to form molecular bonds
• Energy is released when bonds are broken
• ATP is packaged in discrete units usable by the
  cell

http//www.a3243g.com/a3243g_images/mitochondria.g
if
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Cellular Respiration

• Glucose is a simple sugar we get in our food and
  is the energy source
• Breaking the bonds of Glucose yields 36 ATPs

http//biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio104/cellresp.
htm
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Cellular Respiration
http//biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio104/cellresp.
htm
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Cellular Respiration

• Complex series of reactions sent though the
  electron transport chain to harvest electrons
  from sugar and donate to oxygen
• Three Stages

http//porpax.bio.miami.edu/cmallery/150/makeatp/
c9x6cell-respiration.jpg
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Cellular Respiration

• Glycolysis
• Outside mitochondria
• Produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule
• Ancestral

- 2 ATP 4 ATP 2 ATP
http//www.micro.siu.edu/micr201/images/Glycolysis
.gif
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Cellular Respiration

• Krebs Cycle
• Inside Mitochondria
• Produces 2 ATP for each glucose molecule

http//www.elmhurst.edu/chm/vchembook/images/611c
itricacidcyclewhi.gif
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Cellular Respiration

• Electron Transport Chain
• Inside Mitochondria
• Produces 32 ATP per glucose molecule

http//student.ccbcmd.edu/gkaiser/biotutorials/en
ergy/images/chemios_il.jpg http//bioweb.cs.earlha
m.edu/9-12/cellularrespiration/IMAGES/citriccell.J
PG
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Cellular Respiration
http//www.globalwarmingart.com/images/thumb/a/a4/
Oxygen_Molecule_VdW.png/250px-Oxygen_Molecule_VdW.
png http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
0/0d/Glucose_linear_3D_View.png http//z.about.com
/d/chemistry/1/7/X/a/carbondioxide.jpg http//www.
globalwarmingart.com/images/thumb/b/b1/Water_Molec
ule_VdW.png/250px-Water_Molecule_VdW.png

• Needs Oxygen
• Waste Product CO2

Tutorial
C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2 6H2O Energy
E
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Photosynthesis
http//www.globalwarmingart.com/images/thumb/a/a4/
Oxygen_Molecule_VdW.png/250px-Oxygen_Molecule_VdW.
png http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
0/0d/Glucose_linear_3D_View.png http//z.about.com
/d/chemistry/1/7/X/a/carbondioxide.jpg http//www.
globalwarmingart.com/images/thumb/b/b1/Water_Molec
ule_VdW.png/250px-Water_Molecule_VdW.png

• Basically, the opposite pathway of cellular
  respiration
• needs CO2
• waste product O2

6CO2 6H2O Energy C6H12O6 6O2
E
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Photosynthesis

• Using sunlight energy, carbon dioxide gas, and
  water, forms glucose bonds in the chloroplasts

http//botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Photosynth
esis/Chloroplast_EN.gif http//www.cam.k12.il.us/h
s/teachers/caplingerd/photosynthesis.gif
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Photosynthesis

• Gas exchange in plants
• Leaf is generally photosynthetic organ of plant

http//www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/
leafstru.gif
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Questions?
BJShaw Megatherium americanum, Museo de la
Plata, La Plata, Argentina 2008