Plant Cell and Tissue Culture

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????????? Plant Cell and Tissue Culture
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Ch. 1. Introduction 1-1. Definitions
1-2. Advantages of Plant Tissue Culture 1-3.
History of Plant Tissue Culture 1-4. Applications
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1-1. Definitions  
Plant Tissue Culture   Plant Cell, Tissue and
Organ Culture   In vitro Culture   Aseptic
Culture
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1-2. Advantages of Plant Tissue Culture 
1. For propagation
2. Genotype modification (i.e., plant breeding)
3. Biomass production of biochemical secondary
products
4. Plant pathology
5. Germplasm preservation
6. Scientific investigations
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???? (Germplasm preservation)
?????? (Asexal propagation)
? ? (Breeding)
???? (Genetic modification)
???? (Organ culture)
???? (Seedling production)
???? (Cell culture)
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????????? (Bio-mass for separation and
purification)
???? (Cell fixation)
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?????????? Production for medicaments
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Q Key points for successful plant tissue
culture
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1-3. History of Plant Tissue Culture  
1861 Knop Knops solution, inorganic salt
nutrition
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• Haberlandt (Austria)
• Cultivate isolated plant cells
• in vitro on an artificial medium ---gt

Concept of Totipotency
1922 Kotte (student of Haberlandt)  
Improve medium sugar, Organic
N-compounds
Father of Plant Tissue Culture
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Concept of Totipotency
Plants can be separated into their component
parts ( organs, tissues, or cells ), which can be
manipulated in vitro and then grown back to
complete plants.
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1922 Robbins (USA) Root tip culture - Pisum
(???), Zea
and Gossypium (??) First success of
culturing plant tissue in vitro 1923 Robbins
Maneval Maintained maize roots for 20 weeks
with the aid of subcultures   1926 Went
Discovery of auxin 1933 Kogl, haagen-Smit
Erxleben Isolation of IAA (indo-3-acetic
acid)
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• Gautheret
• I
• I Root tip root fragment culture
• I  
• 1934 Cambium culture  
• I ( woody plant )  
• I
• I maintain several months
• I
• I  
• 1937 IAA promotes root growth  
• I  
• I
• 1939 Carrot explants
• undifferentiated mass ( callus )
•  
• repeated subculture
•  

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1932 White (in Rodkefeller Institute) R Root
tip culture - Triticum 1934 Indefinite
culture of isolated roots tomato -
subculture / 7 days 1936 160 passages
Importance of vitamin B complex in root
culture ( use yeast extract )
1939 Procambial tissue culture --gt callus
( Nicotiana ) --gt
small leaf and shoot 1942 Tumor culture
------------gt callus without plant hormone
 
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1950 Steward carrot culture quantitative
analysis of culture growth   Discovered
embryogenesis in vitro
1955 Steward Shantz (in Cornell)   Carrot
root phloem in liquid medium   single
cell suspension   1958 whole plant  
Prove the concept of totipotency
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  1952 Morel Martin First
virus-free plant through shoot tips culture
( Dahlia )  
1960 Shoot tip culture of Cymbidium
Propagation many plants from one plant
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1954 Muir, Hildebrandt Riker (in Wisconsin)
  Suspension culture by reciprocal shaker
  ( Nicotiana )
Single cell clone by nurse cell culture method
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1955 Miller, Skoog, etc.   Discovery of
kinetin (the first cytokinin) Tobacco
culture ---gt bud formation
1957 Skoog Miller  
auxin / cytokinin balance   in root or shoot
formation   high kinetin ---gt shoot   high
auxin ---gt root  
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Auxin / Cytokinin balance
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1956 Nickell (Chas, Pfizer Co. N.Y.)
Single cell suspension culture of Phaseolus
vulgaris 
Idea of producing plant alkaloids from tissue
culture
1957 Tulecke Pollen culture of Ginkgo biloba  
1960 Bergmenn Plating culture     Nicotiana
tobacum Phaseolus vulgaris     Single
cell suspension culture   --gt plating in 0.6
agar medium, thin layer in petri dish   --gt
cell divided to form colony  
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• Cocking (UK)
• Enzymatic isolation and
• culture of protoplast
•   

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1962 Murashige Skoog Tobacco tissue
culture   Development of MS medium  
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• Guha Maheshwari (India)
• Anther culture ---gt
• haploid plant
•   ( Datura )
•  

One pollen grain ---gt one plant

• Niizeki Oono (Japan)
• Haploid plant of rice
• Started for plant breeding

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•  
• Nagata Takebe (Japan)
• Plant regeneration from
• tobacco protoplast
•  
•   

• Carlson
• Somatic hybrid plant
• from protoplst fusion
•   
• Nicotiana glauca N. langsdorffii
• ( 2n 24 ) I ( 2n 18 )
  I
• somatic hybrid  
• ( 2n 42 )  

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 1986 Hauptmann Transgenic tobacco
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1-4. Applications  
A. Basic research 1. Morphogenesis 2.
Biochemical higher plant 3. Genetics
somatic cell genetics, mutation,
polyploidization 4. Host-pathogen studies
obligate parasites, plant tumors
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1-4. Applications  
B. Economic application 1. Production of
secondary substances 2. Rapid clonal progagation
3. Artificial seeds 4. Pathogen free
plants 5. Plant breeding Hybridization
a. Embryo culture b. Pollen tube
pollination c. Mutation induction
isolation d. Haploids e.
Preservation International movement of
germplasm f. Somatic hybridization
g. Genetic engineering