INTERWAR PERIOD

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INTERWAR PERIOD

• SOL

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Pessimism after WWI

• Traumatic for soldiers negative feeling or
  pessimism
• People living in fear
• As a result, the cultural flourishments following
  WWI reflected the pessimism and the need to be
  different

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Literature

• The Decline of the West Remembrance of things
  Past A Farewell to Arms
• The Trial an innocent man on trial facing a
  horrible punishment and he cant prove his
  innocence
• The Magic Mountainthe setting is in a
  tuberculosis sanitariumeveryone is dying
• Surrealismlife is portrayed as if it is a dream
  (escape from reality)

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Poetry

• T.S. Eliots The Waste Landnegative title
• Break from traditionexperimentation with
  capitalization, punctuation, free verse and
  design of the poem

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Music

• Breaks from traditionBig Bands, Harmony
  introduced, 12 tone scale (flats and sharps) and
  jazz are all introduced
• PessimismThe Blues!!

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Painting

• Breaks from traditionnew stylessurrealism and
  cubism (Pablo Picasso)

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Film

• Pessimismcomedies offered escape from reality,
  but many plots were disturbing and cruel

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Architecture

• Breaks from traditionnew style
  functionalismneed to feel useful. More use of
  steel to feel safe and secure

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Things to think about!!

• When was the last major war for Europe?
• Costs of the warhow many people affected?
• Memories of war?trench warfare, trench rot etc..
• Purpose of the war? Was there one? Was anything
  accomplished?

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Roaring Twenties

• 1920spositive change
• War-time economy to peace-time economythings
  returning to normal
• Automobile Industryhad profound effect on life
  in 1920s---expanded business and industrypeople
  went back to work

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Roaring Twenties cont

• Life was happy again
• Economy was booming
• Women upset they were to go back to the home
  some women rebelledFlappers
• Cut their hair into bobs, smoked, drank, cursed,
  and wore bright lipstick
• Danced in public and wore revealing clothes

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Flappers!!!
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Prohibition

• Govt blamed immoral behavior on the influence of
  alcohol
• Passed a law about forbidding the manufacture,
  sale and transport of alcoholknown as
  Prohibition
• Public responded by making their own alcohol,
  bootlegging, creating speakeasies, and bribing
  public officials
• Law was quickly repealed

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Prohibition!!
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1920s

• Good Times
• Economic Prosperity
• Investment in Stocks
• Late 1920s increase in cost of living
• Wages remained the same
• Companies increased their prices
• Lowered demandlay offs!!!

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1920s cont

• People wondered if they could support their
  family
• Made risky investments to make a lot of
  moneyon-margin investments
• Eventually, too many people investing causes
  stock prices to drop
• Everyone was selling at the same time, but no one
  was buying

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Black Tuesday

• Price eventually hit rock bottom and the crash
  occurred on October 29, 1929
• Complete shutdownThe Great Depression
• People turn to govt
• Govtlaissez-faire
• Hoover did not know what to doraised tariffs on
  foreign goodsmade it worse!
• The Great Depression became a worldwide problem

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New Deal

• FDR was elected in Nov. 1932
• Created a plan called the New Deal
• Series of plans to help the suffering public
• Several plans CCC, TVA, FDIC, Social Security Act

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Postwar Problems in Europe

• Planned Economy govt temporarily regulates the
  direction of national resources

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Postwar Problems in Europe cont

• FRANCE economy suffered greatly after war
  increased debt to repair country
• Paying interest on debt
• Cost of national security
• Middle class/working class expected to help the
  most, but could not afford the higher prices

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France cont

• French afraid of another German invasion
• Rebuilt army and navy
• Constructed Maginot Line large concrete and
  steel fortification along their border
• 1930sFrances alliances started to crumble
• France wanted to ensure protection from Germany,
  but all of the major countries pulled out or were
  very vague about their commitments

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France cont

• Riots over a govt scandal caused workers to go
  on a general strike where various industries
  refused to work
• Results Popular Frontnew coalition govt (Short
  Lived) many work related reforms
• Govt nationalized some of the major industries
• Popular Front ended workers lost many reforms and
  sufferedpublic was divided when WWII came there
  would be a portion of France that will ally
  w/Hitler

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Great Britain

• High taxeswar debt (middle class)
• Factories outdated and run down
• High unemployment ratescaused labor unrest
• General strikecrippled govt and eventually were
  illegal

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Ireland

• During WWI, Irish nationalists revolted w/the
  Easter Rebellion1916
• Germany had conspired w/nationalists, but failed
  to send support
• British put rebellion down
• IRA continued to engage in violent attacks
  against British troops

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Ireland cont

• 1921-British gave in and divided Ireland
• Southern Ireland became Irish Free State in
  1922self-governing, but not completely
  independent
• 6 counties of Northern Ireland chose to remain
  part of the U.K.
• 1949 Southern Ireland became completely
  independentRepublic of Ireland

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Eastern Europe

• Newly created countries lagged behind rest of
  Europe
• Most of the land controlled by few aristocrats
• Major economic activity still agriculture
• After WWI, land redistributed to peasants, but
  they had not money
• Democracy was a struggle in new nations!

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Austria

• Most people wanted Anschluss- German for union-
  with Germany, but peace treaties and allies would
  not allow it
• 1/3 of population lived in Vienna
• Struggle btwn socialists and conservatives which
  weakened democratic progress

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Hungary

• Republic created after WWI was overthrown w/in a
  year by a Communist, but aristocrats overthrew
  the communist
• Then an admiral took over
• Hungary was landlocked, so what was an admiral
  doing? Hungary was a kingdom without a king,
  and was ruled by an admiral without a fleet.
• Hapsburgs even tried to restore the monarchy, but
  allies would not allow it

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Poland

• Immediately after WWI, a democratic constitution
  was createdbut divided political parties kept
  the govt from operating efficiently
• Eventually military dictatorship took over

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Four Factors which enabled Hitler and Mussolini
to come to power

• Big Daddy Syndrome
• Ability to convince people
• Nationalism
• Economic depression

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The Rise of Fascism in Italy

• Benito Mussolini
• Offered stability and hope
• Born son of a blacksmith
• Became an elementary school teacher
• Fought in WWI
• Began fascist party

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Mussolini

• Fascism dictatorship which glorified war and
  promoted nationalism is the dictatorship of a
  state with all classes cooperating (appealed to
  middle and working classes)
• Created a totalitarian regimehighly centralized
  govt which allowed no opposition and held total
  control

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Mussolini

• Fascists adopted the black shirt as their uniform
• The Black Shirts put pressure on the govt and
  Mussolini gained the title of premier
• This is where the dictatorship began
• Called himself il Duce -- the leader

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Under Mussolini

• NO opposition, censorship, no freedom of speech,
  press, no trial by jury and a secret police was
  created
• Italy became a corporate state
• Militarismincreasing the army and navyput
  people back to work and prepared them for
  mobilization

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Weimar Republic

• After WWI, a constitution was created in German
  city of Weimar Weimar Republic
• 2 house legislatureReichsrat and Reichstag
• There was a president and a chancellor
• People not supportiverepresentatives were the
  ones who signed the Treaty of Versailles
• Terrible economic and social problems2 attempted
  revolutions

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Weimar Republic cont

• Political parties grewNational Socialist German
  Workers PartyNazi Party
• Goal was to stop communismit attracted mostly
  wealthy business owners and landownersone
  recruit was Hitler

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Hitler

• Born in Austria 1889
• Wanted to be an artist in Viennafailed
• In Vienna he became resentful of Jews because of
  their success
• Served in WWI
• Joined the Nazi Party
• Arrested for Beerhall Putsch (Nazi uprising) in
  1923sent to prison
• Wrote Mein Kampf while in prisonblueprint for
  Nazi Germany

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Hitler cont
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Hitler cont

• After release from prisonbecame leader of Nazi
  Party
• People identified w/his feelings of hatred and
  rejection
• Appealed to every group in society
• Plan to create an Aryan racemaster race

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Hitlers Rise to Power!!!

• Took the title of der Fuhrerthe leader
• Turned Germany into a police state
• NO opposition, labor unions, there was
  censorship, used a secret police called the
  Gestapo

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Hitlers Persecution

• Started persecuting and imprisoning groups such
  as
• Political opponents
• Inferior races
• Jews were targeted most
• Persecuted and tortured
• Forced into segregated communitiesghettos
• Forced to wear yellow star of David on clothing

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Hitler cont

• Third Reichempirethe third major empire and
  third period of economic prosperity for Germany
• Germanys racial supremacy justified taking land
  away from the Slavs to expand German borders to
  handle the growing population

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Germany

• Secretly rearming since the 1920s
• Hitler ready to openly defy the treaty if
  challenged
• Spring of 1936, Hitler sent an army into the
  Rhineland
• France responded by sending a note
• Hitler made alliances w/Mussolini in the fall of
  1936Rome-Berlin Axis

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Russia/USSR

• Leninleader of communists
• 1919 Com intern- encourage communism around the
  world
• 1922 U.S.S.R.
• Economic PolicyNEP (major industry)
• Collective farming
• Some Free Enterprise

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USSR

• Trotsky
• Created Red Army
• Encouraged Revolution Everywhere

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Stalin

• Leader of Communist Party
• Communism succeeded and spread in USSR
• Command economy
• 5 year plan

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Stalin

• 5 year plan
• agriculture production to buy machinery
• industrial revolution
• no everyday goods (toilet paper)
• Lead to dictatorship and purge