I. Sanders, J. Obrebski and K. Karavidas

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I. Sanders, J. Obrebski and K. Karavidas

• Interwar ethnography in the Balkans

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• We will focus on the common aspects of
• their methodology
• their research agenda,
• their theoretical background.
• (Other similar cases)

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Sanders, Obrebski and Karavidas

• Conducted fieldwork in central Bulgaria and the
  geographic region of Macedonia
• Started their research projects in the period
  between mid 1920s late 1930s
• Were in favor of ethnographic fieldwork research
• Focus their attention on community studies
• Shared similar political agendas (Sanders and
  Karavidas)

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Fieldwork sites
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Irwin Sanders (1909 - 2005)

• (I. Sanders in 1981)

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The American College of Sofia(Main entrance)
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The American College of Sofia(Sanders Building)
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I. Sanders

• 1929 Washington and Lee University, Va.
• 1929 travels in the southern Balkans
• 1930 Fieldwork research in the village of Talpa,
  lecturing at the ?.C.S.
• 1936 A Bulgarian Village
• 1938 Ph.D. (Cornell University)
• 1940 Staff member at the USA Consulate in
  Belgrade
• 1940 1956 University of Kentucky
• 1949 Balkan Village
• 1951 1952 Fieldwork research in ?????a??a and
  Greek Macedonia
• 1952 53 Rainbow in the Rock People of Rural
  Greece
• 1960 1963 Boston University (Graduate
  Community Sociology Program)
• 1963 Ford Foundation (Assist. Director of the
  international educational and research program)

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• 1936, A Bulgarian Village.
• 1939, May. Neighborhoods and Neighborly
  Relations in a Bulgarian Village, Social Forces,
  Vol.17, No. 4, pp. 532-537.
• 1939, Oct. Sociometric work with a Bulgarian
  woodcutting group, Sociometry, Vol. 2, No. 4,
  pp. 58-68.
• 1940, Alabama Rural Communities A study of
  Chilton County, Alabama College.
• 1940, Mar. The School Discovers the Community,
  Journal of Educational Sociology, Vol. 13, No. 7,
  pp. 397-402.
• 1940, Oct. Bulgarians and the Southern Rural
  Whites in Contrast, Social Forces, Vol. 19, No.
  1, pp. 88-94.
• 1943, Aug. Sociometry and the Sociology
  Classroom, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 249-250.
• 1945, Farmer of the World the development of
  agricultural extension, New York, Columbia
  University Press.
• 1947, Dec. Societies around the World, Journal
  of Educational Sociology, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp.
  238-242.
• 1949, Oct. Societies around the World A Social
  Science Course at the University of Kentucky,
  Social Forces, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 40-45.

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• 1949, Balkan Village, University of Kentucky
  Press Lexington, KY.
• 1949, Oct. Societies around the World A social
  science course at the University of Kentucky,
  Social Forces, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 40-45.
• 1949, Nov. The Use of Block Leader in Effective
  Community Mobilization, Sociometry, Vol. 12, No.
  4, pp. 265-275.
• 1950, Making good communities better a handbook
  for civic-minded men and women, University of
  Kentucky Press, Lexington.
• 1950, Preparing a Community Profile The
  Methodology of a Social Reconnaissance
  (Lexington, KY Kentucky Community Series No. 7,
  Bureau of Community Services, University of
  Kentucky).
• 1950, Sep. Changing Status of the Peasant in
  Eastern Europe, Annuals of the American Academy
  of Political and Social Sciences, Vol. 271,
  Moscows European Satellites, pp. 78-93.
• 1953, Making Good Communities Better, Lexington,
  KY University of Kentucky Press.
• 1954, Dec. The Nomadic People of Northern
  Greece Ethnic Puzzle and Cultural Survival,
  Social Forces, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 122-129.
• 1955, A statement on a proposal resettlement
  project in Bolivia.
• 1955, Nov. Selection of Participants in a Mutual
  Aid Group in Rural Greece, Sociometry, Vol. 18,
  No. 4, Sociometry and the Science of Man, pp.
  326-329.
• 1955, Dec. The Contribution of the Specialist to
  Community Development, Journal of Educational
  Sociology, Vol. 29, No. 4, The rule of the
  Community Consultant, pp. 151-163.

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• 1956, Oct. Communist-Dominated Education in
  Bulgaria A study in Social Relationships,
  American Slavic and East European Review, Vol.
  15, No. 3, pp. 364-381.
• 1956, Oct. Research with Peasants in
  Underdeveloped Areas, Social Forces, Vol. 35,
  No. 1, pp. 1-10.
• 1958, Theories of Community Development, Rural
  Sociology, Vol. 23, pp. 1-2.
• 1958, The Community An introduction to a Social
  System, New York, The Ronald Press.
• 1958, Collectivization of Agricultural in Soviet
  Strategy, in Collectivization of Agriculture in
  Eastern Europe, University of Kentucky Press, pp.
  49-66.
• 1959, Mar. The moral basis of a Backward
  Society, The American Journal of Sociology, Vol.
  64, No. 5.
• 1960, Feb. The Community Social Profile,
  American Sociology Review, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp.
  75-77.
• 1962 Rainbow in the Rock The People of Rural
  Greece. Cambridge. Harvard University Press.
• 1962, Aug. The involvement of health
  professionals and local officials in fluoridation
  controversies, A. J. P.H., Vol. 52, No. 8, pp.
  1274-1287.
• 1963 Making Good Communities Better (Rev.).
  Lexington The University of Kentucky Press.
• 1966 The Community An introduction to a Social
  System. New York The Ronald Press Company.
• 1968, Sep. Tzintzuntzan Mexican Peasants in a
  Changing World, The American Journal of
  Sociology, Vol. 2, pp. 211-213.

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• 1970 Bridges to understanding International
  programs of American colleges and universities,
  New York Mc Graw-Hill.
• 1975 The Community, New York Ronald Press.
• 1975 The Community Social Profile, American
  Sociological Review, 25 75-77.
• 1975 Polish American Community Life A survey of
  Research, New York Polish Institute of Arts and
  Sciences in America.
• 1976 East European Peasantries Social Behavior.
  An annoted bibliography of periodical articles,
  Boston G. K. Hall.
• 1976 Rural Community Studies in the United
  States A Decade in Review, Annual Review of
  Sociology, Vol. 2, pp. 35-53.
• 1977 Rural Society. Englewood Cliff, NJ Prentice
  Hall.
• 1985 The social renaissance method of community
  study, in F. Fear and H. Schwarzweller (eds.),
  Research in Rural Sociology and Development,
  Greenwich. Connecticut JAI Press.
• The concept of Community Development, Community
  Development as a process. University of Missouri,
  Columbia, Missouri.

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K. Karavidas (1890 1973)
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K. Karavidas

• 1908 1912 Athens University Law School, active
  in the f??t?t??? s??t??f?? (Students
  companion)
• 1912 1913 Fighting in the Balkan Wars
• 1917 Advisor at the Bureau of E. Venizelos
  revolutionary government
• 1917 1921 Staff member at the Head
  Administration Service of Greek Macedonia
• Winter Spring 1921 Fieldwork in the Florina
  Bitola valley
• 1922 Staff member at the Greek Higher
  Commission at Smyrna/Izmir
• 1922 1924 Head publisher of the ???????S
  (COMMUNITY) Journal
• 1924 1926 Staff member of the Greek M.F.A.
  positioned in Greek Macedonia
• 1941 1944 Founding member of the ??µ???at???
  ?µ?da (Democratic Defense) resistance group

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K. Karavidas

• 1920 The farmers anthem
• 1927 The Slavo-Macedonian rural community in the
  region of Monastir
• 1930 Democracy and local administration in Greek
• 1931 Ruralis. A comparative study
• 1936 A communalist addressing a communist
• 1936 Economic rationalism and local authorities
• 1938 The institualization of farmers rites de
  passage
• 1939 Essay on the importance of the nature and
  meaning of community institution in Greece

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Joseph Obrebski (1905 - 1967)

• (Obrebski in Volche in 1932 1933)

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J. Obrebski

• 1930 ?.?. (Krakow University)
• 1929 1932 fieldwork in Bulgaria, Dobrudja and
  Macedonia
• 1932 1933 fieldwork in Volche (Ph.D. research
  under the supervision of ?. Malinowski in the
  L.S.E.)
• 1934 1936 Fieldwork in Poland
• 1934 1939 Assist. Director of the Polish
  Institute of Rural Culture1945 1959 L.S.E.
• 1947 1948 Fieldwork in Jamaica (Development
  etc.)
• 1959 - 1967 Staff member at the UN Secretariat
  at NY, lecturer at the C.W. Post College of Long
  Island University

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J. Obrebski

• 1933 LSE Ph.D Thesis Family organization among
  Slavs as reflected in the custom of couvade
• 1974 Yesterdays people peasants in Polesie an
  exhibition of photographs of rural eastern
  Poland, Amherst, Massachusetts.
• 1976 The changing peasantry of Eastern Europe,
  edited by Barbara and Joel
• 1977 Ritual and social structure in a Macedonian
  village, edited by Barbara Ker
• Ludwik Krzywicki, in Obrebski Collection,
  Special Collections Archives, W.E.B. Du Bois
  Library, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
• Ritual and Social Structure in a Macedonian
  village, EthnoAnthropoZoom 21-18
• Bronislaw Malinowskis Functional Method
  (unpublished)

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Visual material from J. Obrebski fielwork
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Obrebski, Sanders and Karavidas common background

• The existence of two different types of society
  which are treated as the very antithesis of each
  other
• The assumption that communities are a special
  form of group life which can only be found in the
  one of the two parts of the dichotomy, that is
  the traditional, rural folk etc. society
• (3) The acceptance of some common characteristics
  of every folk rural society (both on the national
  and Balkan levels)
• (4) The quest for sample communities

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• The presupposed isolation of rural communities
  and their unchanging character
• The presupposed egalitarianism of community life
• The romantic nostalgia for community life (S.,
  O., K.)
• which, in the case of Sanders and Karavidas, is
  developed into a political position refering to
  issues of modernisation and development