EATON BANK SCHOOL

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EATON BANK SCHOOL Y11 FULL COURSE GCSE
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
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SECTION 1.2.3

• LESSON TWENTY TWO
• A HEALTHY, ACTIVE LIFESTYLE AND YOUR
• RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• 1.2.3aUnderstand the immediate and short-term
  effects of exercise and physical activity on the
  RESPIRATORY system
• 1.2.3b Understand the long-term effects of
  exercise and physical activity on the RESPIRATORY
  system
• 1.2.3c Understand the impact of recreational
  drugs on the RESPIRATORY system

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LESSON OBJECTIVES

• WALT
• 1.2.3a Understand the immediate and short- term
  effects of exercise and physical activity on the
  RESPIRATORY system
• 1.2.3b Understand the long-term effects of
  exercise and physical activity on the RESPIRATORY
  system
• 1.2.3c Understand the impact of recreational
  drugs on the RESPIRATORY system

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LESSON OUTCOMES WILF

• All of you will understand the immediate and
  short-term effects of exercise and physical
  activity on the R system and the long-term
  effects of exercise and physical activity on the
  R system
• Most of you will understand the immediate and
  short-term effects of exercise and physical
  activity on the R system and the long-term
  effects of exercise and physical activity on the
  R system
• and be able to answer exam questions/complete
  worksheets with help from teacher
• Some of you
• - will understand the immediate and short-term
  effects of exercise and physical activity on the
  R system and the long-term effects of exercise
  and physical activity on the R system
• and be able to answer exam questions/complete
  worksheets independently.

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starter
What is EPO and OXYGEN DEBT ?
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answer

• EPO ERYTHROPOIETIN A type of peptide hormone
  that increases the red blood cell count
• OXYGEN DEBT the amount of oxygen consumed during
  recovery above that which would have ordinarily
  been consumed in the same time at rest ( this
  results in a shortfall in the oxygen available ).

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The Respiratory System
The purpose of the respiratory system is to
bring the air we breathe into close contact with
the blood so that oxygen can be absorbed and
carbon dioxide removed.
Basically it consists of

• A pair of lungs connected to the mouth via the
  trachea and bronchi.

• The ribs and intercostal muscles of the chest
  which protect the lungs, trachea and bronchi.

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The Thoracic Cavity
This chest X-ray shows the organs within the
thoracic cavity.
Ribs
Air-filled lung
Position of the heart
Position of the diaphragm
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The lungs are in the thoracic cavity and are also
protected by 12 pairs of ribs that articulate
with the vertebrae towards the backof the body.
The sternum(breastbone) is at thefront of the
rib cage.
The portions of the ribs that articulate with
the breastbone are made of cartilage rather than
bone.
Sternum
Cartilage
Cartilage is softer and more pliablethan bone
and thishelps the movementof the rib cage
during breathing.
Sets of antagonisticmuscles are foundbetween
the ribs - the intercostal muscles.
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The trachea or windpipe is about 10 cm long and
is supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage
to prevent the tube from collapsing during
breathing.
Air enters the body through the nasal passages
and mouth, and passes via the pharynx and
larynx to the trachea.
The trachea subdivides into the left and right
bronchus. The bronchi are also strengthened by
cartilage.
Air is delivered to the alveoli as the trachea
branches into bronchi and bronchioles.
The two bronchi subdivide to form an
extensivenetwork of Bronchioles thatdeliver air
to thegas exchange surfaces the alveoli.
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The respiratory system

• The respiratory system works with the cv system
• when we breathe in, the muscles between our ribs
  contract causing the chest to expand upwards and
  outwards
• At same time diaphragm contracts it flattens and
  lowers, changing from a dome to a flat shape
• When ribs lift upwards and outwards lungs are
  also pulled outwards
• As pressure inside lungs is reduced, air rushes
  in through nose and mouth.

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Inspiration - Breathing In
Airflowingin
When inhaling

• The intercostal muscles contract and pull the
  rib cage up and out.

• The diaphragm contracts causing it to flatten.

• The chest cavity gets larger causing
  pressure in the lungs to fall.

• Air moves into the lungs from the higher
  outside pressure.

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Expiration - Breathing Out
Airflowingout
When exhaling

• The intercostal muscles relax and so the rib
  cage returns to normal.

• The diaphragm relaxes pushing it up.

• The chest cavity gets smaller and so
  pressure in the lungs increases.

• Air flows out of the lungs.

• During periods of exercise, expiration becomes
  an active process, involving the forced
  expulsion of air.

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• As air passess through nose it is filtered by
  hairs, warmed by blood vessels and moistened by
  water vapour before passing through the trachea
  tube
• The trachea branches left and right into the
  bronchi which take air into the left and right
  lung
• The trachea and bronchi contain microscopic
  hairs, which are covered with mucus to ensure air
  is cleaned
• Bronchi branch off into smaller bronchioles that
  reach tiny sacs called alveoli.

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The Exchange of Gases within the Lungs

• The 2 bronchi, which lead to each lung divide
  into many bronchioles.

• These are less than 1mm in diameter and
  terminate in grape-like clusters of tiny sacs
  called alveoli.

Single alveolus
Section of lung
Thorax
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alveoli

• The lining of the alveoli is very thin and moist
  and clean to enable gas exchange to work
  effectively

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Gas exchange

• Alveoli are surrounded by many tiny capillaries
• O2 in the alveoli diffuses into the deoxygenated
  blood
• Haemoglobin then carries O2 around body
• At same time CO2 diffuse out of blood into
  alveoli and is breathed out i.e. gas exchange.

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The Difference between Inhaledand Exhaled Air
Inhale air into the lungs ()
Exhale air out of the lungs ()
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Breathing - Key Terms

• Tidal Volume
• The volume of air you breathe in
• and out with each breath.

• Respiration Rate
• The number of times you breathe in one minute.

Tidal volume is largerduring exercising.
The lowest rates are foundduring sleep, or at
rest.
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Breathing - Key Terms

• Vital Capacity the maximum amount of air you
  can breathe out after breathing in as much air
  as possible.

• Residual Volume the air left in the lungs
  after you have breathed out as hard as possible.

• VO2 Max the maximum amount of oxygen your body
  can take in and use in one minute.

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EPO
What is EPO? EPO (short for erythropoietin) is a
hormone secreted by the kidney that stimulates
the bone marrow to increase red blood cell
production. The primary benefit of altitude
training is an increase in the natural production
of EPO which increases the hemoglobin content of
the blood. Oxygen is transported in the blood
attached to hemoglobin. An increase in EPO,
therefore, leads to an increase in the oxygen
carrying capacity of the blood. More oxygen in
the blood means more oxygen reaches the muscles
for aerobic energy production, which enhances
performance for long distance runners, cyclists,
and other endurance athletes.

• Fitter people will cope better with gas exchange
  getting more O2 in and CO2 out per breath.
• EPO helps produce more red blood cells so
  attracts more O2 during gas exchange.
• Epo is an illegal drug in sports.

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How does the Respiratory System contribute to
Performance in Sport?
The respiratory system is the means by which

• Oxygen is brought into the body.

• Carbon dioxide is removed.

As a result, it is the respiratory systemwhich
enables

• Blood to become rich in oxygen and

• The blood to supply the body with oxygen and to
  remove the carbon dioxide from every cell.

The Respiratory System is vital to Performance in
Sport.
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Volleyball
The aim of volleyball is to make the ball touch
inside the court area of the opposing team, while
keeping it from touching yours.
Players need to be constantly on the move in
order to achieve this, and so the respiratory
system needs to

• Increase the supply of oxygen to the muscles
  which are now working harder, so they can
  continue to contract and create movement.

• Increase the removal of carbon dioxide and heat
  from the muscles, again so they can work harder.

To achieve this, respiration rates and diffusion
of gasesin the lungs increases in line with
exercising.
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• THE IMMEDIATE AND SHORT TERM EFFECTS OF
  PARTICIPATION IN EXERCISE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
  ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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Immediate effects of exercise

• An increased breathing rate helps get more O2 to
  the working muscles

• BREATHING BECOMES FASTER, DEEPER AND STRONGER

Oxygen debt
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Oxygen debt a shortfall in o2 available during
the recovery period after exercise

• Intense exercise such as 200m race -requires
  more glucose and O2, and so more waste product is
  produced
• Your heart beats faster, and you breathe more
  deeply, in an attempt to provide more O2 and
  nutrients to working muscles
• If muscles cant get enough O2 from breathing body
  reverts to ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION BUT this leads
  to build up of LACTIC ACID and an OXYGEN DEBT
  that needs to be repaid.

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Oxygen debt

• the amount of oxygen consumed during recovery
  above that which would have ordinarily been
  consumed in the same time at rest .
• If lactic acid cant be dispersed, muscles ache
  and cramp can occur which stops performer.
• To repay oxygen debt you breath deeper and
  quicker to take in more O2. you will need to rest
  until the blood can bring sufficient O2 to the
  muscles.

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Effects of regular participation and long term
benefits of exercise on the respiratory system

• Regular training leads to a more efficient
  respiratory system , which can cope with the
  effects of exercise more easily.
• increases lung capacity and lung efficiency
• increases tidal volume i.e. the amount of air
  breathed in and out of the lungs with each breath
• increases vital capacity i.e. the largest amount
  of air that can be breathed in and out of the
  lungs by the most forceful inspiration and
  expiration.
• It increases the amount of alveoli available for
  gaseous exchange so more oxygen is available for
  the working muscles and the process becomes more
  efficient.

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Complete the mind map

• What are the effects of regular participation and
  long term benefits of exercise on the respiratory
  system?

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The effects of smoking on the respiratory system
Damages lungs and alveoli become less stretchy
so cannot take in as much O2 or get rid of CO2
Gaseous exchange is less efficient
Person becomes short of breath and heart has to
pump harder to get O2 body needs
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Effects of smoking on sports performers

• recovery in endurance athletes is slower as a
  reduced amount of oxygen gets to the muscles due
  to carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke

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Test yourself

• Complete questions 1 a, b, c, d on page 61

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Complete past paper questions
(h) Which of the following is a long-term effect
of participation in exercise and physical
activity on the respiratory system? (1) A
Increase in blood flow to the lungs B Increase in
oxygen debt C Increase in vital capacity D
Increase in breathing rate
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• C
• An increase in vital capacity

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Although not illegal, smoking can have dangerous
side effects on the body. In the table name
the two body systems that can be seriously
damaged by cigarette smoke (2) state a
health risk associated with smoking for each of
these systems. (b) Apart from the obvious
health risks, why are sports performers advised
not to smoke? (1) ................................
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An oxygen debt can occur when working hard during
physical activity. Explain the term oxygen
debt. ...........................................
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l for Question 10 3 marks)
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Both activities require the boys to work
aerobically and anaerobically. For each of the
following statements, state whether the activity
is aerobic or anaerobic. (i) Rob kept a steady
pace for the first mile and a half of the
race. (1) ........................................
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near the end of the race Rob had to sprint to
prevent the runner behind overtaking him and
going into the lead. (1) .........................
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.............................................. (ii
i) During the fifth minute of the game Imran had
a chance to score a goal, he struck the ball hard
and gave his team an early lead. (1) .............
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........ (iv) In the second half of the game
Imran spent a lot of time slowly jogging
back into position. (1) ..........................
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Example of a six mark question - complete A
healthy, active lifestyle will have an impact on
the body systems. A)Describe some of the effects
of participation on the bodys respiratory
system In your answer you may consider the
immediate and short-term effects of participation
on each system the effects of regular
participation and long-term effects on each
system. B) Describe the effects of smoking on the
respiratory system