Bacteria

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Bacteria

• Text (460-468)
• LAB (instructions in binder) cheese
• VIDEO Bacteria Part I (worksheet in binder)
• VIDEO Bacteria Part II (worksheet in binder)
• Guided Notes in binder

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Vocabulary

• endospore,
• antibiotic,
• anaerobic,
• toxin,
• capsule,
• pili

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The study of bacteria Bacteriology

• KINGDOM formerly Monera
• Now 2 Domains Archeabacteria, Eubacteria (more
  about these later in the year)
• Only Prokaryotic cells
• Only Prokaryotic Domains

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Characteristics of

• Prokaryotic Cells
• Originated 3.5 bybp
• No nucleus
• Loop of DNA
• Few organelles
• No compartments
• Very small 1-2µm
• (microns 1/1000 of a millimeter)
• 1/1,000,000 of a meter

• Eukaryotic Cells
• Evolved 1.5 bybp
• Nucleus- holds the DNA
• Many organelles
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplast
• Golgi body
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• cytoskeleton

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ANATOMYDraw and label cell with the following
structures

• pili
• flagella
• cell membrane

cell wall capsule plasmid, cytoplasm
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(No Transcript)
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II Common Bacterial SHAPES
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Coccus -sphere shaped
Strepto- linear
Staphylo- sheet
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Bacillus- rod shaped
BACILLUS ANTRACIS
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
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Spirillum- spiral shaped
Spirillum sp.
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Do not write this!

• There are many ways to classify bacteria
• The choice depends on what you are interested in
  studying
• Anatomy?
• Physiology?
• Harm to humans?
• Food source?

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Archaebacteria-

• Methanogens methane producing, found in the gut
  of animals and swamps
• Extremehalophiles salt loving, Dead Sea
• Thermoacidophiles hot springs and geysers with
  acidic water

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Eubacteria

• Recycle nutrients into the soil(break down large
  molecules proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, into
  simple molecules that can be absorbed by plants)
• Cyanobacteria also called blue green algae,
  photosynthetic bacteria

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III. CLASSIFICATION by how they obtain energy

• Photosynthetic- energy from sunlight
• Green sulfur bacteria, cyanobacteria, purple
  sulfur bacteria
• Chemoautotrophic- energy from electrons in
  inorganic molecules
• Nitrobacter, nitrosomonas
• Heterotrophic- organic materials from other
  organisms
• Streptomyces, rhizobium

WRITE THIS ON THE BACK OF YOUR BACTERIA DRAWING
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IV METABOLISM

• Obligate anaerobes- must live where there is no
  oxygen
• Obligate aerobes- must live where there is
  oxygen
• Facultative aerobe or facultative anaerobes- can
  live in either but prefers one.

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V DISEASES

• Clostridium tetani tetanus, produces a toxin (
  caused by deep puncture)

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Clostridium tetani
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• C. botulinum botulism , food poisoning
  (caused by poor canning) Toxin is odorless and
  tasteless.

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Clostridium botulinum
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• Borrelia burgdorferi- Lyme disease (carried by
  deer ticks) Named for Lyme County Conn.?

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Borrelia burgdorferi
Lyme Disease
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• Salmonella sp. Food poisoning (associated
  with eggs and poultry)
• Many different species

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Salmonella sp.
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• Yersinia pestis- bubonic plague Black Death
  changed the course of history
• Thought to be carried by rats but actually
  carried by fleas

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Yersinia pestis Bubonic Plague (Black Death)
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• Mycobacterium tuberculosum- tuberculosis
  (infects the lungs) Now there are some drug
  resistant strains.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosum
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USES

• Lactobacillus sp. Yogurt,sauerkraut pickles,
  vinegar
• Actinomycetes- antibiotics streptomycin
• Chemicals that kill other prokaryotic cells

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• E. coli- in digestive tracts
  of humans, used in the
  manufacture of linen from
  flax (plant)
• Excess, wrong location, or wrong species can be
  dangerous to humans.

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• Rhizobium sp. Associated with the
  roots of legumes (pod plants) Helps "fix"
  atmospheric nitrogen into the plants
  to help make proteins. Enriches
  soil, plants are high in protein.
• Tanning leather, silage
  (fermented hay increases
  protein content) silo

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VII ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE GROWTH

• Temperature up or down
• light
• Oxygen present
• amount of wastes

• Food availability
• presence of chemicals (salt)
• Amount of water

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COMPETITION (secrete toxins)

• Endotoxins- part of the cell wall is poisonous
• Exotoxin- chemicals poison is released

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VIII LEVELS OF CLEANING

• Refrigeration SLOWS GROWTH
  
• Antiseptic PREVENTS GROWTH
• Disinfectant DEATH OF PATHOGENS IN A MEDIUM
• Sterile REMOVES ALL FORMS OF LIFE
• Pasteurization DESTRUCTION BY HEAT OF DISEASE
  CAUSING ORGANISMS FROM BEVERAGES

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IX METHODS OF CLEANING

• MECHANICAL
• CHEMICAL
• RADIATION
• TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
• (AUTOCLAVE)
• ENDOSPORE protoplasm of bacteria cell becomes
  encased in a spore coat. Protects from
  environment -250 C to over 100 C

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X FOOD SPOILAGE AND PRESERVATION

• CANNING
• SALT CURING
• DEHYDRATION
• QUICK FREEZING
• RADIATION
• VACCUM PACKAGING
• CHEMICAL PRESERVATION

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Test Topics FOR Tuesday

• Video Bacteria I and II worksheets
• Lab results (cheese, bacteria cultures)
• Notes on Anatomy, classification, diseases, uses,
  preservation of food and cleaning
• Text (460-468) Vocabulary 16-19
• Bacteria word search

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NOTEBOOK CONTENTSDue Tuesday (next test day)

• Daily Work
• Text Ques pg. 9 22
• Analyzing sci words
• Branches of Biology
• Chap 12.1
• Chap 12.2
• IV and DV worksheet
• Biome Measuring
• Bacteria Video Part I
• Bacteria Video Part II
• Bacteria Word Search
• Systems

• C.S.
• A.S.
• G.S.
• Vocabulary 1-19
• Notes
• Labs
• Geo Time Scale
• Microscopy
• Biome Research
• Bioethics
• Cheese Making
• Bacteria Cultures

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Bacteria Jeopardy Questions

• Easy
• Name the shapes of bacteria
• Name 3 diseases that bacteria can cause
• Name 3 non-dairy products of bacteria
• What is the highest form of cleanliness?
• What are antibiotics used for?
• Where would you find a thermophilic bacteria?
• Name the salt loving bacteria.
• Bacteria that causes lock jaw?
• What does flagella do?
• What does refrigeration do to bacteria growth?
• What is the purpose of an endospore?
• What does obligate aerobe mean?

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Bacteria Jeopardy Questions

• Easy - Answers
• Bacillus, coccus, spirillum
• Ecoli poisioning, tetanus, botulism, lyme
  disease, salmonella, bubonic plague,
  tuberculosis, staph infection, scarlet fever,
  typhoid fever, cholera,
• Linen, sourdough bread, wine, sewage treatment,
  antibiotics, helping plants grow (nitrogen
  fixing), Botox
• sterilization
• to inhibit bacteria from reproducing
• Yellowstone (hot and acidic environment)
• Halophile
• Clostridium tetani
• Aid with movement of bacteria
• Slows growth
• Protects bacteria from harsh environment
• Must live in presence of oxygen

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• Medium
• Name the ability to live with or without oxygen.
• What type of plants have bacteria in their roots?
  What do they do?
• Name 3 factors that influence bacterial growth
• What was the black death? What spread it?
• Leading all time pathogen killer?
• Describe 2 main features of the first bacteria.
• What does an autoclave do?
• Name 3 ways we preserve food.
• What are bacterial pilli used for?
• Do bacteria have DNA? If yes, in what form?

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• Medium - Answers
• Facultative anaerobe
• Legumesthe bacteria help fix nitrogen into the
  plants to help make proteins for the plant
• Temperature, oxygen presence, food availability,
  water, light, amount of wastes, chemicals present
• Bubonic plaguecarried by fleas (not rats)
• tuberculosis
• No nucleus, few organelles, very small and simple
• Uses temperature and pressure to kill all forms
  of life
• Canning, freezing, refrigeration, salt curing,
  dehydration, chemical preservation, radiation
• Sticking to surfaces
• Yes, in plasmid or nucleoid form

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• Difficult
• What is an endospore? How do we destroy them?
• Draw a bacteria with all its features.
• Why are some bacteria antibiotic resistant?
• First antibiotic discovered? By whom?
• Why do some bacteria produce antibiotics and
  yeast produce alcohol?
• E. coli is in your intestines. Why does it help
  you there and harm you in other areas of the
  body?
• Why are some beverages pasteurized? How is it
  done? Who invented it?

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• Difficult - Answers
• Protoplasm of bacterial cell becomes encased in a
  spore coatvery hard to killyou have to
  autoclave to kill
• Look at Slide 5 of this presentation
• Random mutations that occur
• PenicillinAlexander Flemingpenicillin comes
  from a mold or fungus
• It is their specific waste product
• There are different strains of E.coli and they
  all are different. In some strains, they are
  okay for the bodyin some strainsthey can harm
  the body.
• It destroys microbes by heatin things like milk,
  juices, wines, and malt beverages. Louis Pasteur