1 The First Age of Globalization

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1856-1914

• (1) The First Age of Globalization?

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Pluses and minuses

• Economic growth
• Industrialization
• Globalization
• Democratization
• Pax Britannica

• Inequality
• Volatility
• Political backwardness
• International instability

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Growth

• World per capita GDP up
• 1850 300 1990 US dollars
• 1900 679 more than double
• 1920 956 more than treble
• Average annual rate of growth of per capita GNP
  in Europe
• pre-1800 c. 0.3 per cent
• 1830-1910 0.9 per cent
• 1860s and 1890s 1.5 per cent

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Industrialization

• The spread of the West European model of
  production
• Technology
• spread of the first wave coal, iron and steel,
  railways, steamships and cotton
• the second wave (electrical engineering,
  chemicals, motorization)

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Globalization

• Trade
• Labour
• Capital Flows
• Exports as a proportion of national income for
  Europe rise from 9 to 14
• Between 1857 and 1893, the journey time from
  England to Cape Town was cut from 42 to 19 days
  gross tonnage of steamships roughly doubled
• Distance has been almost abolished by steam and
  electricity. (Seeley)

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Democratization

• Percentage of countries democratic up from c. 5
  per cent to 20 per cent

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Pax Britannica?

• No multiple great power war between Sebastapol
  and the Marne

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BUT
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Inequality

• Hamburg, c. 1892
• Working hours up to 82 hours per week
• Income distribution 1 of taxpayers earned 29
  of income
• Quality of housing West End and East End.
• The great bacteriologist Robert Koch on Alley
  Quarters in 1892 I forget I am in Europe
• 1892 cholera epidemic mortality rates per 1000 by
  income group
• 50,000 marks and more 4.8
• 1,000 marks and less 61.9

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Volatility

• The Great Depression?
• Rapid fluctuations of prices, employment and
  output

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Europeanization

• Britain, France, Belgium, Holland and Germany
  0.9 of the worlds land surface and 7.5 of its
  population
• They ruled 33 of the rest of the worlds area
  and 27 of its people

• Indian per capita GNP
• 1820 533 1990 US dollars
• 1870 533
• 1913 673

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Political Backwardness

• Queen Victorias sons- and daughters-in-law
  included
• Frederick William of Prussia
• Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
• Henry of Battenberg, whose brother Alexander
  became Prince of Bulgaria
• Princess Alexandra of Denmark
• Princess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II and
  sister of Tsar Alexander III

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International Instability?

• The unspoken assumptions of the imperial world
  order
• From Realpolitik to Weltpolitik

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Next 3 Lectures

• Nationalism and nation building the German
  Question
• The Russian Question The state, economic
  development and political stability
• Imperialism and the Origins of the First World War