SEDIMENTATION

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SEDIMENTATION
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INTRODUCTION

• Sedimentation, or clarification, is the process
  of letting suspended material settle by gravity.
• Suspended material may be particles, such as clay
  or silts, originally present in the source water.
• More commonly, suspended material or floc is
  created from material in the water and the
• chemical used in coagulation or in other
  treatment processes, such as lime softening.

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INTRODUCTION

• Sedimentation is accomplished by decreasing the
  velocity of the water being treated to a
  pointbelow which the particles will no longer
  remain in suspension.
• When the velocity no longer supports the
  transport of the particles, gravity will remove
  them from the flow.

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FACTORS AFFECTING SEDIMENTATION

• PARTICLE SIZE
• The size and type of particles to be removed have
  a significant effect on the operation of the
  sedimentation tank.
• The shape of the particle also affects its
  settling characteristics.
• All particles tend to have a slight electrical
  charge.

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FACTORS AFFECTING SEDIMENTATION

• WATER TEMPERATURE
• When the temperature decreases, the rate of
  settling becomes slower. The result is that as
  the water cools, the detention time in the
  sedimentation tanks must increase.
• In most cases temperature does not have a
  significant effect on treatment.
• A water treatment plant has the highest flow
  demand in the summer when the temperatures are
  the highest and the settling rates the best.
• When the water is colder, the flow in the plant
  is at its lowest and, in most cases, the
  detention time in the plant is increased so the
  floc has time to settle out in the sedimentation
  basins.

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FACTORS AFFECTING SEDIMENTATION

• CURRENTS
• Several types of water currents may occur in the
  sedimentation basin
• Density currents caused by the weight of the
  solids in the tank, the
• concentration of solids and temperature of the
  water in the tank.
• Eddy currents produced by the flow of the
  water coming into the tank and
• leaving the tank.
• The currents can be beneficial in that they
  promote flocculation of the particles. However,
  watercurrents also tend to distribute the floc
  unevenly throughout the tank as a result, it
  does not settle out at an even rate.
• Some of the water current problems can be reduced
  by the proper design of the tank. Installation of
  baffles helps prevent currents from short
  circuiting the tank.

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SEDIMENTATION BASIN ZONES

• Inlet zone
• The inlet or influent zone should provide a
  smooth transition from the flocculation zone and
  should distribute the flow uniformly across the
  inlet to the tank.
• The normal design includes baffles that gently
  spread the flow across the total inlet of the
  tank and prevent short circuiting in the tank.
• The baffle could include a wall across the inlet,
  perforated with holes across the width of the
  tank.

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SEDIMENTATION BASIN ZONES
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SEDIMENTATION BASIN ZONES

• Settling Zone
• The settling zone is the largest portion of the
  sedimentation basin.
• This zone provides the calm area necessary for
  the suspended particles to settle.
• Sludge Zone
• The sludge zone, located at the bottom of the
  tank, provides a storage area for the sludge
  before it is removed for additional treatment or
  disposal.

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SEDIMENTATION BASIN ZONES

• Basin inlets should be designed to minimize high
  flow velocities near the bottom of the tank.
• If high flow velocities are allowed to enter the
  sludge zone, the sludge could be swept up and out
  of the tank.
• Sludge is removed for further treatment from the
  sludge zone by scraper or vacuum devices which
  move along the bottom.

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SEDIMENTATION BASIN ZONES

• Outlet Zone
• The basin outlet zone or launder should provide a
  smooth transition from the sedimentation zone to
  the outlet from the tank.
• This area of the tank also controls the depth of
  water in the basin.
• Weirs set at the end of the tank control the
  overflow rate and prevent the solids from rising
  to the weirs and leaving the tank before they
  settle out.

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PARTICLE REMOVAL

• In sedimentation, particles are falling from rest
  under the force of gravity. Therefore in
  sedimentation, eqn. (1.1) takes the familiar form
  of Stokes' Law
• vm D2g(?p - ?f)/18µ   

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PARTICLE REMOVAL

• Stoke's Law applies only in streamline flow and
  strictly only to spherical particles.
• In the case of spheres the criterion for
  streamline flow is that (Re) 2, and many
  practical cases occur in the region of streamline
  flow, or at least where streamline flow is a
  reasonable approximation

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PARTICLE REMOVAL

• Stokes' Law applies only to cases in which
  settling is free, that is where the motion of one
  particle is unaffected by the motion of other
  particles.
• Where particles are in concentrated suspensions,
  an appreciable upward motion of the fluid
  accompanies the motion of particles downward.

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PARTICLE REMOVAL

• So the particles interfere with the flow patterns
  round one another as they fall.
• Stokes' Law predicts velocities proportional to
  the square of the particle diameters.
• In concentrated suspensions, it is found that all
  particles appear to settle at a uniform velocity
  once a sufficiently high level of concentration
  has been reached.
• Where the size range of the particles is not much
  greater than 101, all the particles tend to
  settle at the same rate.

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PARTICLE REMOVAL

• This rate lies between the rates that would be
  expected from Stokes' Law for the largest and for
  the smallest particles.
• In practical cases, in which Stoke's Law or
  simple extensions of it cannot be applied,
  probably the only satisfactory method of
  obtaining settling rates is by experiment.

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Gravitational Sedimentation of Particles in a
Liquid

• Solids will settle in a liquid whose density is
  less than their own.
• At low concentration, Stokes' Law will apply but
  in many practical instances the concentrations
  are too high.

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Gravitational Sedimentation of Particles in a
Liquid

• In a cylinder in which a uniform suspension is
  allowed to settle, various quite well-defined
  zones appear as the settling proceeds.
• At the top is a zone of clear liquid.
• Below this is a zone of more or less constant
  composition, constant because of the uniform
  settling velocity of all sizes of particles.
• At the bottom of the cylinder is a zone of
  sediment, with the larger particles lower down.
• If the size range of the particles is wide, the
  zone of constant composition near the top will
  not occur and an extended zone of variable
  composition will replace it.

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Gravitational Sedimentation of Particles in a
Liquid

• In a continuous thickener, with settling
  proceeding as the material flows through, and in
  which clarified liquid is being taken from the
  top and sludge from the bottom, these same zones
  occur.
• The minimum area necessary for a continuous
  thickener can be calculated by equating the rate
  of sedimentation in a particular zone to the
  counter-flow velocity of the rising fluid. In
  this case we have
•  

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Gravitational Sedimentation of Particles in a
Liquid

• vu (F - L)(dw/dt)/A?
• where
• vu is the upward velocity of the flow of the
  liquid,
• F is the mass ratio of liquid to solid in the
  feed,
• L is the mass ratio of liquid to solid in the
  underflow liquid,
• dw/dt is the mass rate of feed of the solids,
• r is the density of the liquid and
• A is the settling area in the tank.

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Gravitational Sedimentation of Particles in a
Liquid

• If the settling velocity of the particles is v,
  then vu v and, therefore
• A (F - L)(dw/dt)/v?
• The same analysis applies to particles (droplets)
  of an immiscible liquid as to solid particles.
• Motion between particles and fluid is relative,
  and some particles may in fact rise.

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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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DISCRETE (TYPE I) SETTLING
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FLOCCULATED (TYPE II) SETTLING
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FLOCCULATED (TYPE II) SETTLING
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FLOCCULATED (TYPE II) SETTLING
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FLOCCULATED (TYPE II) SETTLING
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FLOCCULATED (TYPE II) SETTLING
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FLOCCULATED (TYPE II) SETTLING
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FLOCCULATED (TYPE II) SETTLING
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FLOCCULATED (TYPE II) SETTLING
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ZONE (TYPE III) SETTLING
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ZONE (TYPE III) SETTLING

• The zone (or hindered) settling, which occurs
  when the particles do not settle independently,
  is also studied by batch tests.
• In this case an effluent that is initially
  uniform in solids concentration, if allowed to
  settle, will do so in zones, the first of which
  is that of clarified water (1), below is the
  interfacial zone (2) in which the solids
  concentration is considered uniform.

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ZONE (TYPE III) SETTLING

• In the bottom a compact sludge develops in the so
  called compaction zone (4). Between (2) and (4),
  a transition zone (3) generally exists.
• As time proceeds, the clarified effluent and
  compaction zones will increase in size while the
  two intermediates will eventually disappear.

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ZONE (TYPE III) SETTLING

• Diagram of a zone settling process

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ZONE (TYPE III) SETTLING

• In some cases, further compaction may occur.
• The actual configuration of a sedimentation tank
  can be either rectangular or circular.
• Rectangular settling tanks are generally used
  when several tanks are required and there is
  space constraint, since they occupy less space
  than several circular tanks.

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COMPRESSION (TYPE IV) SETTLING
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SELECTION OF BASIN

• Rectangular Basins
• Rectangular basins are commonly found in
  large-scale water treatment plants. Rectangular
  tanksare popular as they tend to have
• High tolerance to shock overload
• Predictable performance
• Cost effectiveness due to lower construction
• cost
• Lower maintenance
• Minimal short circuiting

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RECTANGULAR BASINS
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RECTANGULAR BASINS
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RECTANGULAR BASINS
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SELECTION OF BASIN

• Circular and Square Basins
• Circular basins are frequently referred to as
  clarifiers.
• These basins share some of the performance
  advantages of the rectangular basins, but are
  generally more prone to short circuiting and
  particle removal
• problems.
• For square tanks the design engineer must be
  certain that some type of sludge removal
  equipment for
• the corners is installed.

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CIRCULAR BASINS
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CIRCULAR BASINS
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CIRCULAR BASINS
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SELECTION OF BASIN

• HIGH RATE SETTLERS
• High rate tube settlers are designed to improve
  the characteristics of the rectangular basin and
  to increase flow through the tank.
• The tube settlers consist of a series of tubes
  that are installed at a
• 60 degree angle to the surface of the tank.
• The flow is directed up through the settlers.
• Particle have a tendency to flow at a angle
  different than the water and to contact the tube
  at some point before reaching the top of the
  tube.
• After particles have been removed from the flow
  and collected on the tubes, they tend to slide
  down the tube and back into the sludge zone.

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HIGH RATE SETTLERS
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HIGH RATE SETTLERS
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HIGH RATE SETTLERS
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HIGH RATE SETTLERS
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HIGH RATE SETTLERS
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SELECTION OF BASIN

• SOLIDS CONTACT UNITS
• A solids contact unit combines the coagulation,
  flocculation, and sedimentation basin in one
  unit.
• These units are also called upflow clarifiers or
  sludge-blanket clarifiers.
• The solids contact unit is used primarily in the
  lime-soda ash process to settle out the floc
  formed during water softening.
• Flow is usually in an upward direction through a
  sludge blanket or slurry of flocculated suspended
  solids.

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SOLID CONTACT UNITS