Metode Penelitian

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Metode Penelitian Administrasi / Manajemen
Hasan Mustafa
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The Scientific Method

• The goal of all
• scientific
• endeavors is
• To explain
• To predict
• To control
• phenomena

Based on the assumption that all behaviors and
events are orderly, and they are effects that
have discoverable causes
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Sources of knowledge

• Application of the
• scientific research

2. Experience
3. Authority
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Story told about Aristotle
One day Aristotle caught a fly and carefully
counted and recounted its legs. He then announced
that flies have five legs. No one questioned the
word of Aristotle. For years his finding was
uncritically accepted. Of course, the fly that
Aristotle caught just happened to be missing a
leg.
Whether or not you believe the story, it does
illustrate the limitations of relying on
personal experience and authority as a source of
knowledge
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Inductive reasoning
Example Every research textbook examined
contains a chapter on sampling
Formulation of generalizations based on
observation of a limited number of specific events
Therefore, all research textbooks contains a
chapter on sampling
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Deductive reasoning
Example All research textbooks contains a
chapter on sampling
Arriving at specific conclusions based on
generalizations
This is a research textbook
Therefore, this book contains a chapter on
sampling
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Sequential steps of scientific method

• Recognition and definition of the problem
• Formulation hypotheses
• Collection of data
• Analysis data
• Statement of conclusions regarding
• confirmation or disconfirmation
• of the hypotheses

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The building blocks of science
Identification of problem
observation
Refinement of theory (pure research) Or Implementa
tion (applied research)
Theoretical framework
Interpretation of data
Hypotheses
Analysis of data
Research design
Data collection
Uma Sekaran, 1984
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Types of research by purpose
Pure/basic research The main purpose of
conducting basic research is to generate more
knowledge and understanding of the phenomena
that occur and to build theories based on the
research results.
Applied research The main purpose of this type
of research is to applying the results of
findings to solving specific problems currently
being experienced in the organization
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Types of research by method
Descriptive Research A descriptive study
determines and reports the way things are. One
common type of descriptive research involves
assessing attitudes or opinions toward
individuals, organizations, events, or
procedures. Examples Customer
Satisfaction Employee Satisfaction The
application of flextime
Correlational Research Attempts to
determine whether, and to what degree, a
relationship exists between two or more
quantifiable variables Examples The
relationship between motivation and job
performance
Causal Relationship Research Try to trace the
cause-effect relationships between two
phenomena. Example The effect of positive
reinforcement on job performance
Sebab-akibat atau Korelasi?
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Business and management research
Management Employee attitude and behavior Human
Resource Management Information
system Organizational Culture Organization
Structure Etc.
Marketing Product image Advertising Sales
promotion Consumer preferences Brand image Etc.
Accounting Budget and control system Inventory
costing methods Accelerated depreciation Cash
recovery rates Etc.
Finance Optimum financial ratios Merger and
acquisition The operations of financial
institution Etc.
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Some commonly researched area in
administration/mgt.
Employee behavior such as performance,
absenteeism, and turnover, validation of
performance appraisal system, brand loyalty,
product life cycle, product innovation, consumer
complaints, logo image, market testing, product
positioning, portfolio investment, dividend
policy, pricing model, corporate culture and
socialization process, advertising effectiveness,
designing career paths, gender differences in
leadership styles, pollution emission and health
of the worker, organizational effectiveness,
deferred compensation plans, participative
management and performance effectiveness,
downsizing, creative management of a diverse
workforce, etc.
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Proses Penelitian
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Teknik pengumpulan data
Mengenali secara umum masalah
penelitian melalui observasi
Teknik penskalaan
Teknik sampling
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Mengum- pulkan mengolah, meng- analisis, menginter
pretasi data
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Kerangka kerja teoritis. Menetapkan variabel pene
litian
Memuncul-kan hipotesis atau pertanyaan penelitian
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Merumuskan masalah penelitian
Menyusun rancangan penelitian
click
click
click
Mengumpul- kan data awal
click
click
Mempre- sentasikan laporan
Menyusun laporan penelitian
Menyusun keputusan manajerial
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Uma Sekaran, 2003
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1. Observasi Masalah Penelitian
Masalah yang dihadapi oleh organisasi yang perlu
dicari jalan keluarnya
Program pelatihan yang ternyata hasilnya tidak
sesuai dengan harapan
Pelayanan kepada masyarakat kurang memuaskan
Disiplin pegawai yang rendah
Sistem kerja baru yang diterapkan ternyata
tidak berjalan sesuai dengan rencana
Indeks Prestasi mahasiswa di bawah rata-rata
Dan Lain-lain
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2. Pengumpulan Data Awal tentang masalah
penelitian
Data keluhan masyarakat atas pelayanan yang
diberikan oleh organisasi
Data tentang kinerja pegawai setelah
mengikuti pelatihan
Data pegawai yang sering melanggar aturan
organisasi, dan aturan-aturan yang sering
dilanggar
Data kegagalan penerapan sistem kerja baru
Data lengkap tentang Indeks Prestasi Mahasiswa
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3. Perumusan Masalah Penelitian
Pernyataan yang spesifik yang akan dicari
jawabnya atau jalan pemecahannya
Berdasarkan data awal tentang masalah
penelitian maka masalah perlu dirumuskan
Waktu pelayanan tidak sesuai dengan yang
dijanjikan ?
Data keluhan masyarakat atas pelayanan yang
diberikan oleh organisasi
Biaya pelayanan terlampau besar ?
Petugas pelayanan tidak profesional ?
Tempat pelayanan kurang memadai ?
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4. Kerangka Kerja Teoritis

• Contoh
• Five determinants of service quality
• Reliability the ability to perform service
• dependability and accurately. Bisa dipercaya
• 2. Responsiveness the willingness to help
  customers
• and provide prompt service. Cepat tanggap
• 3. Assurance the knowledge and courtesy of
  employees
• and their ability to convey trust and confidence.
  Jaminan mutu
• 4. Empathy the provision of caring,
  individualized
• attention to customers mengerti kebutuhan
  pelanggan
• 5. Tangibles the appearance of physical
  facilities,
• equipments, personnel,
• and communication materials. Tampilan
  fisik

Kotler, 1977
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Model Penelitian
Kenyamanan tempat pelayanan
Keterandalan
Tampilan petugas
Kualitas Pelayanan
empati
Pengetahuan aparat atas tugasnya
Kecepat- tanggapan
Kesopanan aparat
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5. Hipotesis atau Pertanyaan Penelitian
Penyebab penyebab utama ketidakpuasan masyarakat
atas mutu pelayanan organisasi adalah ketidak
tepatan-waktu pengurusan perijinan
Persepsi masyarakat terhadap aparat yang
berjenis kelamin wanita lebih positif daripada
pria
Apakah pekerjaan aparat dalam melayani
masyarakat dapat diandalkan?
Apakah kondisi fisik tempat pelayanan memuaskan ?
Apakah aparat memahami kebutuhan masyarakat?
Apakah aparat mengetahui dengan baik tugas
mereka ?
Apakah tampilan aparat menarik ?
Dll.
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6. Rancangan Penelitian
Jenis penelitian Hubungan kausal
? Korelasi? Deskripsi? Komparasi?
Maksud penelitian Menjajagi ?
explore Menguraikan apa adanya secara rinci?
description Menguji hipotesis ? hypotheses
testing
Operasionalisasi variabel penelitian. Skala
pengukuran variabel.

• Penetapan sampel
• Jumlahnya
• Cara penetapannya
• a. sampel acak?
• b. sampel tidak acak?

• Cara pencarian data
• Wawancara ?
• Kuesioner?
• Studi dokumen?
• Observasi?

Unit analisis (populasi penelitian)
Individu? Pasangan? Kelompok? Organisasi? Mesin?
Aturan-aturan?

• Rentang waktu
• Penelitian
• Sekali tembak?
• (one-shot)
• - Longitudinal?

Analisis Univariate? Bivariate? Multivariate?
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7. Pengumpuan data
Studi Dokumen
Wawancara
Kuesioner
Observasi
Survai