Chapters 3 and 4

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Chapters 3 and 4

• The Civilization of the Greeks
• and
• Hellenistic Civilizations

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• BRONZE AGE 3500 1200 BC
• DARK AGE 1200 700 BC
• CLASSICAL AGE 700 500 BC

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• I. Early Greece 3200 1100 BC
• Importance of geography in Greek history
• Late Bronze Age Cultures
• Cycladic 3200 BC 1100 BC
• Location
• Religion
• Political/Military
• Urban / Rural
• Economic

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• Minoan 3000-1450 B.C.
• Location
• Culture
• Religion
• Political/Military
• Urban / Rural
• Knossus
• Economic
• Sudden and catastrophic collapse around 1100 B.C

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• Mycenaean 1600-11 B.C.
• Location
• Peloponnesus
• Culture
• Religion
• Political/Military
• Urban / Rural
• Economic

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• All three cultures flourished prior to 12th
  century BC.
• The earliest Aegean civilization was on Crete.
• However, by about 1100-1000 BC, events overtook
  the cultures and they collapsed. No single event
  . Self-destruction into Dark Ages.
• II. Greek Dark Age 1100 - 800 B.C.
• Collapse of agricultural production, decline in
  number of farmers
• Volcano
• Changes in Greek World
• Migration east across the Aegean Sea

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• III. Greek City-States 800 - 500 B.C. (Archaic
  period)
• Ethnos
• Developed on mainland in Western Peloponnesus
• Large territorial units but within villages and
  small towns
• Common customs and religion united them
• Governed by elite Oligarch rule by few
• Polis
• Citadel
• Villages clustered around fortifications which
  were both protection and cult centers for
  specific deities
• Polis is a small but autonomous political unit in
  which all major political, social, and religious
  activities are carried out in a central location
• Citizenship to males only

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• Gender and Power
• Women played little role
• Greek attitudes toward women and sexuality
  rigid
• Isolated in homes, played no public role
• Firmly under husbands control property
• Women were to be good mothers and obedient wives
  not friends or partners
• Friendship existed only between members of same
  sex.
• Women in public were usually prostitutes (who
  also were usually slaves)
• Greek society did not condemn prostitution,
  infanticide, or exploitation of women and boys.

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• Myth and Reason
• Myth explained everything seasons, weather,
  catastrophes
• Myths were reasons and reason explained myths
• Lineage
• Titans
• Olympians Zeus was the head god.

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• Colonization and the Rise of Tyrants
• Colonization
• Overpopulation
• Trade and commerce
• Colonies founded as polis
• Cultural diffusion
• Tyrants
• A tyrant was someone who came to rule by
  unconstitutional ways in 7th and 6th centuries
  B.C.E. coup detat. Not subject to laws.
• Power maintained by mercenaries.

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• IV. Tale of Two Cities
• a) Sparta
• Location
• Lacked
• Military History
• Military society
• Citizenship
• Women
• Children
• Government
• Reforms by Lycurgus

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• b) Athens
• Location
• Social
• Legal
• Economic

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• Political
• Unites surrounding area of Attica into single
  polis
• Ruled by aristocratic clan Alcmeonids circa
  630s BC
• Krylon
• 650 621BC
• 621 BC
• 594 BC
• Solon

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• Pisistratus (and son Hippias) seize power in 560
  B.C.
• Aristocrats attempt to seize power
• Cleisthenes seized power in 508 B.C.E.
• Pericles - 444 B.C.

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• V. Classical Greece
• I. The Challenge of Persia
• During 2nd half of 6th century, Persian empire
  expanding and absorbing, including in and around
  Athens.
• Unsuccessful revolt of Ionian cities wildfire
  of democracy spread to Ionia, but ill fated, even
  with aid from Athens and Eretria.
• Darius (522-486 B.C.E.)
• Opposition / Revolts
• Battle of Marathon, 490 B.C.E.
• Destroyed myth of Persian invincibility

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• Xerxes (486-465 B.C.E.)
• Invasion of Greece, 480-479 B.C.E.
• By 480 B.C, the army he assembled had
  approximately 100,000 to 180,000 men and a fleet
  of nearly 600 ships
• Greek plan fall back to Thermopylae
• Battle of Thermopylae, 480 B.C.E.
• Persians reach Athens and sack and burn it.

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• Sea battles -
• Battle of Salamis, 480 B.C.E.
• Battle of Plataea, 479 B.C.E.
• Greeks developed skills in battle naval and
  hoplite movements during battles with Xerxes.
• By 479 Athens emerges as leader of Greek world

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• II. The Athenian Empire in the Age of Pericles
• End of Persian wars marks beginning of classical
  period.
• Delian League formed 478-77 B.C.E.
• Aegean
• Pericles
• Expanded democracy at home and an empire abroad
• Elected to generalship 30 times
• Built the Parthenon on the Acropolis

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• III. The Great Peloponnesian War and the Decline
  of the Greek States (431-404 B.C.E.)
• Athens stays behind its walls and Sparta ravages
  the land of Attica
• Surrender of Athens, 404 B.C
• IV. Culture of Classical Greece
• I. History
• Systematic analysis of the past
• Herodotus (c. 484- 425 B.C.E.), History of the
  Persian Wars
• Thucydides (c. 460- 400 B.C.E.), History of the
  Peloponnesian War

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• II. Drama Created by the Greeks
• Tragedians
• Tragedy
• Comedy
• III. The Arts The Classical Ideal
• Architecture
• Sculpture

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• VI. The Greek Love of Wisdom
• Philosophy meant love of wisdom
• Sophists
• Socrates (469-399 B.C.) (Sophist)
• Plato ( 429-347 B.C.) (Student of Socrates)
• The Republic
• The Academy
• Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) (Student of Plato)
• Politics

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VII.Greek Religion Infused into their daily
lives, every aspect Ritual more important than
belief. No body of doctrine or focus on
morality Sacrifices and Festivals (Olympics
776BC, 4 yrs) Mount Olympus Homers work on the
gods provided a foundation and structure that
inculcated the aristocratic values of courage and
honor.
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• VIII. Daily Life in Classical Athens
• 180,000 citizens, 43,000 of which were adult
  males who exercised political power, 35,000
  foreigners.
• Family the central institution
• Women
• Males - Paterfamilias
• Slavery

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• IX. Rise of Macedonia and the Alexander
• Philip II (359-336 B.C.E.)
• Greeks crushed in 338 B.C.E. at the Battle of
  Chaeronea
• The freedom of the Greek cities had already come
  to an end during the Third Sacred War (354-346).

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• X. Alexander the Great
• Born
• Educated
• Military
• Alexander crowned - 336
• Attacks the Persian Empire

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• Battle of Hydaspes River, 326 B.C.
• Soldiers refuse to go on
• Death June 11, 323.
• Philip Arridaeus.
• Perdiccas
• 323 -320 War between generals, revolts.

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• The Legacy of Alexander
• Hellenistic Age (to imitate Greeks)
• Empire divided
• Greek autonomy
• Wealth used for cities and infrastructure
• Greco-Macedonian domination of cities and culture
  throughout the ME and into Asia.
• Policies remained similar if not same, while
  faces changed.
• Monarchy
• Culture
• Art, architecture, language, literature
• Cities

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• New military technology (brought from Sicily)
  spear
• (2) Wide use of bribery on friendly parties in
  Greek poleis
• (3) The League Against the Persians revived by
  King Philip (338/7) as a way of 'uniting' the
  Greeks under himself (as 'hegemon'
  commander-in-chief) to fight the Persians (at
  least that's what he said). Forced Greek unity in
  violation of eleutheria ('liberty').
• (4) Crusade of Hellenes against Asia (Philip and
  Alexander) expands the idea of what is Greek and
  brings Greeks into contact and gives them
  dominion over many other (older) civilizations
• (5) Colonies of military veterans urbanization
• (6) New religious cults and attitudes change the
  basic ideas of the Greek polis religion, as well
  as the meaning of life and death, reward and
  punishment (dualism of Mesopotamian
  Zoroastrianism)
• 7) Alexander's policy of intermarrying himself
  and his chieftains with members of the Iranian
  aristocracies of the Persian empire (e.g.
  Alexander himself and Roxane from
  Bactria/Afghanistan)
• (8) Alexander's policy of founding new cities (32
  ALEXANDRIAS) Greek language, Greek architecture,
  Greek gymnasium culture, Greek political
  institutions, but very mixed and mostly non-Greek
  citizens. The definition of 'Hellene/Greek' is no
  longer racial, ethnic, national-family, or even
  cultural in a natural develomental sense.
  'Hellene' is a cultural term thereafter, but
  anybody can be a Hellene by adapting.
• (9) Appearance in Greek cities of new artifacts,
  ideas, habits from other civilizations new
  interpretations of reality (Aristotle)

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• XI. The Hellenistic Kingdoms
• New dynasties created
• Macedonia under the Antigonid dynasty
• Syria and the east under the Seleucids
• Attalid kingdom of Pergamum in western Asia Minor
• Egypt under the Ptolemies
• Hellenizing an urban phenomenon
• Economic
• Agriculture (80 devoted to farming)
• Money Economy Alexander had put gold and silver
  into circulation which created new trading blocks
  and new coinage
• Wealth in hands of few
• Forests stripped of wood
• Trade Routes increased, more physical mobility
• Industry spread eastward into Asia and Egypt
• Textile centers in Pergamum
• Glass and silver crafts in Syria

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• Religion
• Still had gods BUT decline in vitality of the
  myths and faith
• Open to others eastern world
• Mystery religions impacted Greeks
• Women
• Opportunities increased upper class women
• Managed slaves
• Sold property
• Contracted loans
• More independent

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• XII. Culture in the Hellenistic World
• Literature, Art, Sciences, philosophy
• Pergamum and Alexandria
• Library at Alexandria largest in ancient times
  (1/2 million scrolls)
• Golden Age of Science
• Archimedes (287-212 B.C)
• Philosophy
• Headquartered at Athens.
• Epicurian
• Epicurus (341-270 B.C.)
• Stoic
• Zeno (335-263 B.C.)

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• XIII. Conclusion and Summary
• New cities arose
• New religions arose
• New ideas about space, literature and our place
  in universe
• Greek culture spread