Human Anatomy and Physiology

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Human Anatomy and Physiology
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CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

• Define the following terms Anatomy, Body system,
  Cell,
• Homeostasis, Organ, Physiology, Tissue
• 2) Identify various anatomical terms commonly
  used to refer to body
• 3) Identify 4 Body Positions
• 4) Identify 5 Body Cavities
• 5) Describe fundamentals of 11 Bodily Systems
• 6) Homeostasis. Why is it important?

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Anatomy Study of the Human Bodys
Structure Physiology Study of Human Mechanical,
Physical, Biological Function Cells basic unit
of life--smallest structural and functional unity
within a living thing Tissues distinct materials
in the body made up of specialized cells (muscle
tissue, epithelial tissue lining of
organs) Organs made up of tissues, fully
differentiated (no two organs perform the exact
same action) Body system Group of organs that
work with one another to perform a function
(breathing, circulating blood, reproduction) Homeo
stasis relatively stable equilibrium in all
bodily systems the scientific definition of
healthy --John Mayer
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Anatomical Positions
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Prone lying face down Supine lying face
up..supine, spine Fowlers position sitting
up with knees bent Trendelenburgs position body
supine with the head lower than feet Shock
position head and feet supine, legs are
elevated, helps blood flow to brain Recovery
position unresponsive patient, no spine injury.
Lying on side, opposite knee flexed, head
cushioned on hand
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Directional Terms
Superior
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
Proximal
Distal
Inferior
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More Directional Terms
Superficial / Deep toward skin surface /
farther inside body Ventral / Dorsal anterior /
posterior surface of body Palmar palm of
hand Plantar bottom of the foot
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• Terms for Movements
• Flexion bending
• Extension straightening
• Hyper beyond normal range of motion (injury)
• Abduction move extremity away from the body
• Adduction move extremity toward the body

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Body Cavities
Cavity Hollow space in the body that houses
vital organs and organ systems -Cranial
Cavity -Spinal Cavity -Thoracic (Chest)
Cavity -Abdominal Cavity -Pelvic Cavity
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Cranial and Spinal Cavity The Nervous System!!!
Are you nervous?
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Nervous System
-controls all activities of the body via sensory
input voluntary somatic nervous
system involuntary autonomic nervous
system -Central Nervous System (CNS) brain and
spinal cord cerebrum rational thought, sensory
perception cerebellum coordinates
movement brain stem controls basic body
functions (circulatory, respiratory, digestive
function) -Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) cable
of nerve fibers that connect the spinal cord to
bodily organs (Brachial plexus, lumbosacral
plexus)
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Nervous System 2
Sensory nerves carry info from the body to the
CNS Motor nerves carry info from the CNS to
muscles Connecting nerves connect sensory and
motor
cerebrum
Brain stem
cerebellum
Brachial plexus
Lumbrosacral plexus
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Spinal Column

• 33 vertebrae total, central supporting structure
  of the body, protects spinal cord (carries nerve
  messages from brain to the rest of the body)

Cervical spine VERY IMPORTANT 3,4,5 stay
alive C7 is most prominent Thoracic Spine next
12 vertebrae, one pair of ribs attached to each
vertebrae Lumbar spine next 5 vertebrae Sacrum
5 sacral vertebrae fused together, joined to
illiac bones of the pelvis Coccyx last 4
vertebrae, tailbone, commonly bruised / chipped
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GI and Endocrine Systems Abs Baby
Liver, gallbladder
Stomach, spleen
Appendix
Colon
-small and large intestines in all quadrants
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• Gastrointestinal System
• Anatomy
• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small and large intestine
• Physiology help process food and water, extract
  necessary nutrients / energy
• Saliva
• Hydrochloric acid
• Bile

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Thorax Chest Cavity
-Contains heart, lungs, esophagus, great vessels
(aorta and two venae cava) -formed by 12 thoracic
vertebrae and the rib cage
Angle of Louis
Xiphoid process
Floating ribs (11, 12)
Costal arch
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Retroperitoneal Region

• behind the chest wall know pancreas, kidney,
  adrenal gland, urinary bladder
• Pelvis closed bony ring consists of 1) sacrum,
  2) ilium, 3) ischium

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• The Endocrine System glands in the body that
  secrete hormones (regulate blood sugar levels,
  control reproductive process)
• Hypothalamus--secretes hormones that act on
  pituitary
• Pituitary--master gland
• Thyroid--metabolism, growth, development
• Adrenals--epinephrine (fight or flight
  response) sympathetic nervous system (part of
  autonomous nervous system)
• -eye promotes dilation
• -heart increases rate and force of contraction
• -lungs dilates bronchioles
• -penis promotes ejaculation
• - Pancreas endocrine NOT gastrointestinal

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Respiratory System
Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli (where CO2 - O2
exchange takes place)
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More on the Lungs
Pleura glossy tissue lining of lungs (outside)
and chest cavity (inside) space in
between---gtpleural space Diaphragm both a
voluntary and involuntary muscle (striated,
voluntary on deep breath, involuntary when were
not consciously breathing) -inhalation diaphragm
and intercostal muscles (muscles between ribs)
contract, ribs are raised up and out, thoracic
cavity expands, low pressure allows air to rush
in create vacuum -exhalation diaphragm and
intercostal muscles relax, ribs relax back in,
pressure rises in lungs, air rushes out
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Circulatory System
-collection of tubes that circulate blood
(arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and
veins) and the heart -heart muscular organ made
of cardiac muscle (myocardium) each side is
divided into upper and lower chambers (atrium and
ventricle) -arteries carry oxygenated blood away
from heart -aorta principal artery -veins
carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart -vena
cava principal vein (superior-above heart,
inferior-below heart) -capillaries fine end of
circulatory tubes, intersect with cells in bodily
tissues, feeds O2 and removes CO2, metabolic
waste
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- Oxygen is carried primarily by the red blood
cell's hemoglobin with a small amount dissolved
in the blood. -Carbon dioxide is dissolved
primarily in the plasma with a small amount
carried by the red blood cells. Plasma also
carries nutrients to tissues, also removes
waste -White blood cells are part of the bodys
immune system and help the body defend against
infection. Along with specialized proteins,
platelets are the component of blood used to form
blood clots when bleeding.
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Circulatory Path
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• The Skeletal System
• Anatomy
• Long and flat bones
• Skull and spinal column
• Thorax
• Pelvis
• Upper and lower extremities
• Physiology
• Structure to the body
• Bone marrow makes blood cells

PAGE 196 and 198 KNOW THESE BONES
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Extra skeletal stuff
Shoulder girdle the clavicle, the scapula, the
humerus Sternum---Clavicle---Acromioclavicular
joint (A/C joint)---Acromion process---Humerus Foo
t calcaneus (heel) metatarsal (middle foot)
phalanges (toes) Hand carpals, metacarpals,
phalanges
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Muscles
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Types of Muscles
Skeletal Muscle attached to bone, also called
striated -voluntary muscle under direct
voluntary control paralyzed muscle muscle
lacking nerve impulse because of broken
connection / damaged nerves (voluntary control
is lost) Smooth muscle involuntary
muscle -found in gastrointestinal tract, blood
vessels, bronchi of the lungs (propels flow of
blood, fluids) under same nervous system Cardiac
muscle own blood supply and its own electrical
(stimulus) system heart sets its own rhythm and
rate without brains influence
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Blood Pressure / Heartbeat
Normal Heart Rates Adult - 60-100 bpm, Child -
70-140 bpm, Newborns - 120-160 bpm Blood
pressure pressure that blood exerts against
arterial walls (systole muscular contraction
phase / diastole muscular relaxation phase)
Major / important arteries carotid (neck)
radial (wrist) brachial (under bicep) femoral
(inner thighyeahhhh) posterior tibial (inner
healgood for distal csms!) Perfusion
circulation of blood within a specific tissue or
organ in adequate amounts to meet the cells
needs. INADEQUATE PERFUSION SHOCK!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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The Skin Youre In Integumentary System

• -Skin the largest organ on the human body
• 3 major functions
• Protect body from environment
• Regulate body temperature
• Receive nerve signals (sensory)

-Regulates temp by vasoconstriction /
vasodialation -Epidermis and Dermis 2 major
layers -Epidermis sebacious glands secrete
sebum, also pores -Dermis sweat glands, nerves
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The Other Bodily Systems
Urinary System (kidney, urethra, bladder) filters
and removes liquid waste, controls pH of blood,
manages electrolyte balance Reproductive System
penis, testicles, prostate, urethra / vagina,
ovaries, uterus. determines sex characteristics,
Reproduction Lymphatic System lymphnodes,
white blood cells, spleen., removes excess
interstitial fluid around cells into blood,
removes foreign molecules / bacteria from
tissues, from bloodstream, absorbs fat and fat
soluble vitamins from the intestines, and
produces lymphocytes, a white blood cell
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The 11 Bodily Systems
Skeletal Muscular Cardiovascular Respiratory Diges
tive / Gastrointestinal Reproductive Integumentary
(skin) Nervous Lymphatic Endocrine Urinary