Vaccines Against Viral Infection

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Vaccines Against Viral Infection

• Austin Follett
• Medicinal Chemistry

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Anti-Viral Vaccines

• History
• Vaccine types
• How they work
• Recommended Schedule
• Specific Vaccines
• Flu
• HIV/AIDS
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
• To stick or not to stick?

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History of Vaccines

• Chinese inoculated themselves against smallpox
  before 200 B.C.
• Edward Jenner inoculated against smallpox with
  cowpox in 1796
• Vaccination comes from Latin (vacca cow)
• Louis Pasteur took the concept and applied it to
  prevent against anthrax and viral rabies
• 1988 W.H.O. targets polio for eradication
• 2000 Global Alliance for Vaccines and
  Immunization formed strengthens routine
  vaccinations in countries with GDP below 1000
• Currently, nearly two dozen vaccines are
  available for use in the United States

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Types of Viral Vaccines

• Inactivated Virus particles are grown then
  killed by either heat or formaldehyde
• Attentuated Live, weakened form of the virus
  particles
• Subunit Only given antigen of virus
• Isolation of specific protein
• Recombinant administration

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How vaccines work
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Vaccination Schedule

• By age two, children are recommended to have the
  following vaccines by the Advisory Committee on
  Immunization Practices
• Hepatitis A B, Polio, Measles, Mumps, Rubella,
  Diptheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, HiB, Chicken Pox,
  Rotavirus, Influenza, Meningococcal disease, and
  Pneumonia

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Flu Vaccine

• Virus has 8 piece genome undergoes antigenic
  drift
• The flu kills 36,000 in the US annually
• Flu vaccine is an educated guess of the most
  probable form of virus
• Two main types
• Flu shot inactivated vaccine
• Nasal-spray attentuated vaccine

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Should you get vaccinated?

• Yes, if you are at high risk or care for someone
  who is
• No, if you are allergic to chicken eggs or are
  otherwise immunocompromised
• Side effects
• Possible virulence from nasal-spray
• Soreness, redness
• Low-grade fever
• Aches

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HIV Vaccine

• An effective HIV Vaccine would allow the body to
  completely rid itself of the virus and/or control
  it to prevent infection and transmission
• Three types being used subunit, recombinant, and
  DNA vaccines
• http//www.hopkins-aids.edu/hiv_lifecycle/hivcycle
  _txt.html

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HIV Methods of Prevention

• Prevent fusion to host cell
• Inhibit reverse transcriptase
• Inhibit integrase no viral integration into host
  genome
• Target protease prevent polypeptide cleavage,
  functional HIV proteins
• Prevent release from host cell

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Wheres the vaccine?

• Several challenges arise with development
• HIV continually mutates and recombines
• HIV infects Helper T cells
• Can be transmitted as both free virus and in
  infected cells
• Researchers are unsure what constitutes an
  effective immune response to HIV
• No ideal animal model for testing exists
• Possibility that HIV is not the true cause for
  AIDS

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Human Papillomavirus Vaccine

• HPV is required in the development of nearly all
  types of cervical cancer
• Vaccination prevents initial infection by several
  of the most commonly sexually transmitted HPV
  types
• Estimated that 50 of men and women will become
  infected with one of the sexually transmitted HPV
  types during adulthood.
• Along with cervical cancer, HPV can cause skin
  and genital warts as well as anal cancer and
  penile cancer

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The Vaccine

• All types of HPV do not cause cancer, but a
  vaccine has been developed that protects against
  types 6, 11, 16 and 18, which cause 70 of
  cervical cancers and 90 of genital warts
  combined
• However, other types can cause the cancer, so Pap
  smears are recommended to prevent cancer
  development

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Gardasil

• On February 2, 2007 Texas Governor Rick Perry
  mandated that all school girls going into sixth
  grade be vaccinated
• Studies have only been done in short duration,
  long-term impact unknown
• In 2006, estimated that 9,700 women developed
  cervical cancer, 38 died
• Although all cervical cancer types are not
  covered by this vaccine, this prevalence would be
  greatly reduced by widespread vaccination
• Currently, multiple groups nationwide question
  the value of the vaccine as a whole safety
  issues seem to have fallen under the importance
  of speed.
• In addition, other high-risk HPV types can
  circumvent the vaccine completely, reducing its
  effectiveness.

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ControversyTo Stick or Not To Stick?

• To
• Vaccinations prevent viral infections, most
  effective way of disease prevention
• Cost-effective method to manage healthcare
• Herd immunity could extend to those that dont
  get the vaccine

• Not to
• Certain vaccinations have not been tested
  completely
• Compulsory vaccination represents excessive
  government interaction
• Childhood vaccinations contain mercury, which has
  a possible connection with autism (MMR, DTP, HiB,
  Hep. B)

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Thank you! Be smart about your vaccinations!