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A virtual backpack journey in Europe through the
20th century
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Lets go to the cold Norway and lets do two
famous sports
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Let's see the Norwegian Winter!
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Skiing as a sport has been a great success for
more than 100 years. In Norway, on the island
of Roday, the explorers found a rock scratch
portraying a ski-men. So skiing came from
Northern-Europe. First of all, people used
skiing for military aims, and then they used it
in the every-day life. In 1868 a Norwegian man,
called Sondre Nordheim revolutionized skiing.
From this time on, skiing was considered to be a
very popular sport
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Huh, it was great!
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Take your snowboard and ride!
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In 1965 Sherman Poppen saw his daughter sliding
down the hillside just as she was standing on a
sledge, so he quickly made a board which is
thought to be the father of snowboard. It was a
great success. Later Jake Burton Carpenter
revolutionized snowboarding in 1968, which was
called snurfer then. In 1977 Jake established a
factory. On the ski-course the skimen were not
happy to see the spreading of the snowboard.
According to them the snowboard wasnt safe,
thats why they quarrelled a lot. Borders then
went to the courses and they were supposed to be
bustards. Today they became calm and the
skiers are skiing on the skicourses, while
boarders are looking for the opportunity to do
their sport in the pure snow or halfpipe
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Freeride
Freestyle
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Enjoy flying...
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...and have fun!
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After the cold winter of Norway, lets go to
Germany and find out information about BMW,
king of cars.
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BMW, Car among cars.
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The History of BMW   Although BMW's current fame
and reputation as one of the greatest automobile
manufacturers can be mostly linked to models
produced in the last two decades, the history of
the marque stretches back almost 90 years and
contains numerous achievements that have
established it as a benchmark. The origins of BMW
traces back to 1913 when Karl Friedrich Rapp, a
Bavarian who had been a well-known engineer in a
German aircraft company, formed Rapp Motoren
Werke in a suburb of Munich. The company
specialized in airplane engines however Rapp
found that they were problematic and suffered
from excessive vibration. Nearby, Gustav Otto,
also an airplane specialist, set up his own shop,
Gustav Flugmaschinefabrik, building small
aircraft. Because of the faulty engines, Rapp
Motoren Werke secured a contract with
Austro-Daimler, who was unable to meet its
demands, to build V12 Aero engines under license.
The company expanded too quickly, however, and by
1916 Rapp resigned from the company because of
financial troubles. In his place Franz Josef Popp
and Max Friz, two Austrians, took over the
company. In March the same year, Rapp Motoren
Werke merged with Gustav Flugmaschinefabrik to
form Bayersiche Flugzeungwerke. Shortly
afterwards they renamed Bayersiche Motoren Werke
(Bavarian Motor Works), or BMW, forming the
company we know today. In 1917, BMW's first
aircraft engine went into production, the 6
cylinder Type IIIa. In 1919, using an aircraft
powered by its successor, the Type IV, Franz Zeno
Diemer set an altitude record of 9,760 metres
(32,013 ft). After the Treaty of Versailles was
signed in the same year, prohibiting BMW from
building aircraft engines, production switched to
air brakes for railway cars. When BMW started
once again to build aircraft engines in 1922, not
fewer than 29 world records in aviation were set
with them. The current BMW logo, introduced in
1920, was based on the circular design of an
aircraft propeller. The first BMW motorcycle, the
R 32, went into production in 1923 at the newly
constructed Eisenach factory next to the Munich
airport of the day. The R 32 used a flat-twin
engine transversely mounted in a double-tubular
frame producing 8.5 horsepower at 3300 rpm. The
2-cylinder 494cc motorcycle could reach a top
speed of 59 mph (95 km/h). BMW manufactured 3090
of them during its 3 year life span. It was 1928
that made history in terms of the BMW car.
Produced at the Eisenbach factory, the Dixi 3/15
PS marked the beginning of BMW automobile
production. It was built under license from
Austin and was essentially the same model as the
US Bantam and the Japanese Datsun. The first
Dixis used an open roof and were powered by a
743cc 4 cylinder engine producing 15 horsepower.
Top speed was in the neighbourhood of 50 mph (80
km/h). In 1929 a new improved version was
launched, the DA2, which
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employed an all-steel body and 4-wheel brakes,
and in 1930 the Dixi scored its first wins in
motor racing. Total production 18,976
units. 1932 was the year the BMW AM 4 (Ausfuhrung
Munchen 4 Gange - Munich Version 4 Speeds) -
a.k.a. BMW's first "real" car - went into
production. The AM 4, also called the 3/20 PS,
was the successor to the Dixi and the first
production car to be built entirely in-house by
BMW. The powerplant was a 782cc 4 cylinder unit
which featured suspended valves and a double
chain driving the camshafts, producing 20
horsepower at 3500 rpm and providing the saloon
with a 50 mph top speed. The next year mark ed
the introduction of the 303 saloon and the first
BMW inline-six cylinder power unit, a
configuration that remains BMW's typical choice
even in contemporary cars. The 303 was also the
first BMW to use the twin-kidney shaped radiator
grilles, another cur rent trademark. Using a
welded tubular steel frame, independent front
suspension and rack and pinion steering, the 303
was a benchmark in technological achievements.
Its 1173cc engine provided 30 horsepower and a
top speed of 56 mph (90 km/h). 3 years later, in
1936, the BMW 328 was introduced. It was the most
popular and remains BMW's most famous pre-war
sports car, the successor to the 315/1 (1934-36).
The 328 was built mainly for motor sport, where
it proved itself successful by winning the Mille
Miglia in Italy in its class in 1938, but quickly
became a popular road car as well. A curb weight
of only 1830 lb was achieved through the use of
an extra-light tubular spaceframe and light alloy
parts for the hood, doors and tail end. Using a
1971cc inline-6 cylinder engine with three
carburettors that produced a healthy 80
horsepower at 5000 rpm, the 328 could reach a
maximum speed of 93 mph (150 km/h). 462 units of
this classic were produced in total. In 1935 BMW
entered the record books once again, this time on
two wheels. Riding a streamlined 500cc compressor
machine developing 108 hp and an amazing
power-to-weigh ratio (282 lb curb weight), Ernst
Henne set a world speed record for motorcycles of
173.7 mph (279.5 km/h) in 1937. It stood for
nearly two decades. BMW's success was
unfortunately short lived. After the Second World
War, the company lay in ruins. Its factories had
been destroyed or dismantled and a three-year ban
on any production activities was imposed by the
Allies in response to the production of aircraft
engines and rockets by BMW during the War. The
first post war model, the V8 equipped 501 luxury
sedan produced in 1951 was a poor production
choice for a country that was also devastated by
the war. Demand was low and the 501 did not even
com e close to meeting BMW's expectations. It was
a totally different approach that started to
bring BMW back on its feet. In 1955, the Isetta
250 was launched and participated very
successfully in the mini-car era of the 1950's.
It was built under license from the Italian
manufacturer Iso and used a motorcycle engine and
a single door at the front. The engine was a
single cylinder 245cc unit producing 12
horsepower at 5800
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rpm and a top speed of 53 mph (85 km/h). During
its 7 year production run a total of 161,728
Isettas were built. A couple of years later, with
BMW still having no secure financial foothold,
one of the most memorable models in its history
was introduced. Launched in 1956, the BMW 507
quickly became famous. The light-alloy 2-door
bodyshell with a retractable soft top, designed
by Alberecht Graf Foertz, has remained timeless
as evidenced by the newly introduced Z8, which
draws unmistakable clues and its overall shape
from it. A large 3168cc V8 engine using dual
downdraught carburettors powered the 507 and
provided 150 horsepower at 5000rpm, enough for an
impressive 124 mph top speed (200 km/h) but not
enough to topple its main rival, the Mercedes
300SL. While only 252 examples of the instantly
recognizable 507 were ever produced, it remains a
symbol of BMW's struggles and ultimate triumphs
during the fifties after the end of the War. The
next step in BMW's evolution and the predecessor
to the cars we know today was launched in 1962.
The 1500, which had been developed during the
crisis of the '50s, was another of BMW's saviors.
The excellent suspension and striking design for
its time, employing a low waistline with a
low-slung engine compartment and rear lid
characterized the 1500. A 1499cc 4-cylinder
engine producing 80 horsepower at 5700 rpm and
providing a top speed of 92 mph (148 km/h)
powered it. During its two year production run
sales amounted to only 23,807 units however
between all of the models in its range
(1500,1600,1800,2000) production totaled 334,165
cars. Based on these cars, the first generation 5
series, the E12, was launched 10 years later in
1972. The 3 series was introduced 3 years later
and the 7 series 2 years after that, in 1977. In
1990 BMW re-entered the aircraft engine
manufacturing business after forming BMW
Rolls-Royce GmbH jointly with Rolls Royce. In
1998, after extended talks concerning the sale of
Rolls Royce, BMW officially bought the rights to
the Rolls Royce name and logo from Volkswagen,
with the transition expected to take place in
2003. 1994 brought about another purchase, as BMW
acquired the Rover Group PLC. After heavy losses,
the company was finally sold in 2000, with Rover
being split up from Land Rover which was
purchased by Ford. BMW held the rights to the new
Mini and the hot-hatch goes on sale in early
2002. Today, the Z3, Z8 and all of the 3, 5, 7
and Motorsport series models continue the BMW
tradition of building excellent automobiles with
a special emphasis on performance, style and
technological advancements. 1992 was another
year-to-be-remembered for BMW when it, for the
first time, outsold Mercedes in Europe. Hopefully
in the future the rivalry between these and other
makes will persist and companies such as BMW will
continue to build great cars.
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Elegance, Beauty, Respect This is BMW.
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BMW, The real car!
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BMW, Elegance for Quality
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BMW, Not only a car, a symbol.
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BMW is not only a car, it is a lifestyle.
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Now lets go back to the past, to Austria in 1955
and look for information about the International
Treaty.
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Austria, International Treaty 1955
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Austria in 1955
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Life was changing
at that time.
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Fifty years have elapsed since the end of
National Socialism and the Second World War. In
1945, Austria was liberated and occupied by
Allied troops - Americans, Englishmen, Frenchmen
and Soviets. A round-numbered anniversary such as
this motivates us to reflect upon these historic
events, and provides both a tangible and
impelling opportunity to once again bring
together those who first confronted each other in
1945 as "liberators and liberated," "victors and
vanquished," "occupiers and the occupied."
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On May 15, 1955, the foreign ministers of
Austria, France, the United Kingdom, the United
States, and the U.S.S.R. signed a State Treaty
which restored the Austrian Federal Republic as
an independent and sovereign state. Austria had
been merged with Germany by Hitler who occupied
the country in...
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The Occupied Austria, 1945-1955
In 1945, Austria was treated as a defeated
nation, like Germany partitioned into 4 zones of
occupation, as was the capital city of Vienna
(which coincidentally, as in the case of Berlin,
was completely surrounded by the Soviet zone of
occupation). Austria had been regarded as the
first victim of Nazi aggression, but Austrians
had contributed to the Nazi atrocities Austrians
such as ERNST KALTENBRUNNER and ARTHUR
SEYSS-INQUART were among the defendants in the
Nuremberg War Crimes Trials. In theory, Austria
was to be jointly administrated by the 4 Allied
powers relations between the Soviets and the
western allies soon turned sour. It was only in
1955 that a STAATSVERTRAG was negotiated,
according to which the Allies withdrew from
Austria, granting independence, under the
(Soviet) condition of political neutrality.
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Despite the partition in 4 zones of occupation,
Austria was treated as one political unit (a
state to be) a democratic constitution (1945)
laid the foundation for the reemergence of
political parties etc. Austrians were given the
right to administrate their own affairs, as long
as they got approval from the Allies (i.e. the
approval from every one of the 4 Allies) for
their measures. Under the circumstances - there
was a considerable refugee problem, the economy
had to be set on a peacetime footing again, many
men had fallen in the war or were still P.O.W.s,
others were suddenly returning - political
infights took second stage and a GRAND COALITION
was formed to asministrate political affairs,
consisting of two large parties - the ÖVP
(Peoples Party), the SPOe (social democrats) and
one smaller party, the communists. The
independents (liberals) would form an opposition.
The constitution of 1920 (with 1929 amendments)
was readopted. In 1946-1947 a policy of
DENAZIFICATION was pursued to eliminate ex-Nazis
from administration and the economy. From 1948
onward, Austria benefitted from MARSHALL AID,
which was very instrumental in overcoming the
severe economic crisis. After difficult
negotiations, in 1955 Austria was released into
independence the STAATSVERTRAG contained the
condition that Austria had to pursue a policy of
neutrality.
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and finally lets listen to Italian Pop Music!
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Eros Ramazzotti Born on 28th October 1963 at
Cinecittà, Rome, where it is easier to dream
than face reality, Eros spent much of his
boyhood working as an extra in the movies and
dreaming about a fantastic career as a singer,
encouraged by his father Rodolfo, a housepainter
who had also recorded some songs. When he had
finished secondary school, Eros tried to get into
the Conservatory but failed the entrance exam,
and chose to study accountancy. But all he could
think about was music, and he dropped out after
two years.  
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The Italian Pop King
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Eros Luciano Walter Ramazzotti Molina (later Eros
Ramazotti) was born on 28th, October, 1963, in
Rome's San Giovanni Hospital, Italy. The son of
Rodolfo Ramazzotti y Raffaella Molina, was raised
in the Cinecittà neighborhood. Since his teens
showed a natural passion for music, Eros tried to
be admitted in the Music Conservatory, but he
failed the previous evaluation.
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In 1982 his first 45 rpm single, 'Ad un Amico',
was introduced. In 1984, Eros participated for
the first time in the San Remo Festival and won
that contest with his song 'Terra Promessa'. In
1985 he participated once again and placed sixth.
The following year, a third participation in the
same event gave Eros the victory in the principal
category with 'Adesso Tu'. Then, his second album
'Nuovi Eroi' was launched. In 1987, the third one
came as 'In Certi Momenti', which raised him to
the top in Europe. 'Musica È', his fourth album
came in 1988. Two years later 'In Ogni Senso'
with its song 'Cantico' was launched. Eros would
made a tour almost all over the world.
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In 1993, his new album 'Tutte Storie' was
introduced. Eros quit from DDD records and
founded his own record company, 'Radiorama'. On
May 1996 he launched his first production 'Dove
C'è Musica', completely from his inspiration.
Some month later, his wife, Swiss model Michelle
Hunziker, gave birth to their daughter in Lugano,
Suiza.
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Other 3 works would become to markets Eros, Eros
Live (both in 1998) and Stile Libero (2000). Eros
Ramazzotti' success not only in Italian
audiences, but in Spanish ones, too. Proof of
that is his Spanish versions of 'Tutte Storie',
'Dove C'è Musica', 'Eros and 'Stile Libero'
besides his appereances and recordings with
American singers such as Tina Turner and Cher.
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As a Latin-pop singer, Eros Ramazzotti became
especially popular in Germany, Mexico and
Argentina (as well as in Italy) during the '90s,
and he has sold over 20 million records
worldwide, though his success in America has been
limited.
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Eros Ramazzotti
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Anna Oxa
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Italian singer and actress Anna Oxa, aka "la Voce
e il Cuore" (the Voice and the Heart), debuted
with a song called "Fiorellin del Prato" at the
age of 15. Two years later, the promising singer
came in second place after participating in the
prestigious San Remo's Festival with "Una
Emozione da Poco." In the local film industry,
Anna Oxa had the opportunity to play a main role
for the first time in the movie Machio, Femina,
Fiore, Frutto directed by Ruggero Miti.
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After issuing her debut album, called Oxanna, the
young Italian pop artist recorded Anna Oxa,
including a successful version of Patti Smith's
"Because the Night." In 1982, Anna Oxa left RCA
and signed up with CBS before releasing her
breakthrough album, Per Sognare, Per Cantare, Per
Ballare, featuring the hit single "Senza di Me"
(What About Me). Drago Bonacich, All Music
Guide
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Gianni Morandi
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THE END
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