Title: Chapter Nine: Charlemagne and the Rise of Medieval Culture
1Chapter NineCharlemagne and the Rise of
Medieval Culture
- Culture and Values, 6th. Ed.
- Cunningham and Reich
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3Charlemagne Ruler and Diplomat
- Papal Coronation
- Leo III, Christmas 800
- Revival of Western Roman Empire
- Feudal Administration
- Legal decrees
- Bureaucratic system
- Literacy
- Foreign Relations
- Byzantines, Muslims
4Charlemagne Economic Developments
- Stabilized the currency
- Denier
- Trade Fairs
- Jewish merchants
- Trade Routes
- Import / Export Relationships
- Iron Broadswords
5Learning in the Time of Charlemagne
- Palace School at Aachen
- Scholar-teachers
- Curriculum
- Trivium, quadrivium
- Mastery of texts
- Text reform
- Literary revival Liturgical revival
- Literacy as prerequisite for worship
6Learning in the Time of Charlemagne
- Alcuin of York
- Sacramentary
- Corrected errors in the Vulgate Bible
- Developed Frankish school system
- Literacy and Women
- Dhouda
- Illuminated manuscripts
7Benedictine Monasticism
- Early monasticism
- Varying monastic lifestyles
- No predominate rule
- The Rule of St. Benedict
- Magna Carta of monasticism
- Poverty, stability, obedience, chastity
- Balance of prayer, work, and study
- Horarium
8Women and the Monastic Life
- Scholastica (d. 543)
- St. Benedicts sister
- Brigid of Ireland (d. 525)
- Hilda, abbess of Whitby (614-680)
- Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)
- Writer, painter, illustrator, musician, critic,
preacher - Scivias, Physica, Causae et Curae, Symphonia,
Ordo Virtutum
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10Monasticism and Gregorian Chant
- Monasteries and Opus Dei
- Centrality of liturgy
- Lectio divina
- Development of sacred music
- Gregorian Chant
- Ambrosian music
- Mozarabic chant
- Frankish chant
11Monasticism and Gregorian Chant
- Gregorian chant and Carolingian reform
- Gregorian characteristics
- Monophonic
- Melismatic
- Acapella
- Cantus planus
- neums
12Liturgical Music and the Rise of Drama
- The Liturgical Trope
- Verbal elaborations of textual content
- Added to the long melismas
- Aid in memorization
- Origin of drama in the West
- Quem Quæritis
13The Morality Play Everyman
- Links liturgical and secular drama
- Allegorical, moralistic
- Instructs for moral conversion
- Religious themes
- Life as a pilgrimage
- The inevitability of death (memento mori)
- Faith vs. Free Will
- Liturgical overtones
14Nonliturgical Drama
- Hroswitha (d. 1000)
- Wrote in Latin
- Roman stylistic influences
- Poetry, legends, plays
- Theophilus
- The Conversion of the Harlot Thaïs
- Heavily moralistic to educate and convert
15The Legend of CharlemagneSong of Roland
- Charlemagne canonized 1165
- Reliquaries and commemoratives
- Epic poem
- Charlemagnes battle with the Basques (778)
- Chansons de geste, chansons dhistoire
- Oral tradition, jongleurs
- Military and religious ideals
- 11th c. martial virtues and chivalric code
- Anti-Muslim bias
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17The Visual ArtsThe Illuminated Book
- Carolingian manuscripts on parchment
- Gospel Book of Charlemagne
- Roman, Byzantine, Celtic styles
- Utrecht Psalter
- Masterpiece of the Carolingian Renaissance
- Dagulf Psalter
- Carved ivory book covers
- Carolingian miniscule
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22Charlemagnes Palace at Aachen
- Kingdom modeled on ancient Rome
- Palace
- Large royal hall, lavishly decorated
- Joined to chapel by a long gallery
- Chapel
- Church of San Vitale (Ravenna) as model
- Altar to the Savior (liturgical services)
- Chapel to the Virgin (reliquary)
- Charlemagnes Throne
- this most wise Solomon.
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24The Carolingian Monastery
- Monastery as miniature civic center
- Complexity of function and design
- Center of life for rural populations
- Saint Gall plan
- Basilica style
- Designed to house 120 monks, 170 serfs
25The Romanesque Style
- Large, Roman-looking architecture
- Influenced by travel, expansion
- Pilgrimages
- Heavy stone arches
- Larger, more spacious interiors
- Fireproof stone and masonry roofs
- Church of Saint Sernin in Toulouse
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27The Romanesque Style
- Exterior decoration (sculpture)
- Lack of interior light
- Portal (doorway)
- Jamb, capital, trumeau
- Tympanum (mandorla, archivolts)
- Church of Sainte Madeleine at Vézelay
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29Chapter Nine Discussion Questions
- Explain the function of the Song of Roland as
both religious and political propaganda during
the eleventh and twelfth centuries. What values
are extolled within the text that would serve
religious and political leaders as they shape
their culture? Do we, as a culture, subscribe to
these same values today? Why or why not? - Why was Charlemagne so interested in developing
literacy? Explain his motives and methods for
establishing schools and supporting scholars. - Describe the role of the liturgical trope in the
development of drama in the West. For example,
how does one begin with the Quem Quæritis trope
and arrive at Everyman? Explain the evolution of
the art form.