The Middle Ages/Caulley

1
D.Caulley

• The later middle ages

2
The Hundred Years War

• The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts
  waged from 1337 to 1453 between the Kingdom of
  England and the Kingdom of France for control of
  the French throne. Many allies of both sides were
  also drawn into the conflict. The war had its
  roots in a dynastic disagreement dating back to
  the time of William the Conqueror.

3
The course of the war

• War of 1812
• Course of the War
• War was declared June 18, 1812. It was not until
  hostilities had begun that Madison discovered how
  woefully inadequate American preparations for war
  were. The rash hopes of the "war hawks," who
  expected to take Canada at a blow, were soon
  dashed. The American force under Gen. William
  Hull, far from gaining glory, disgracefully
  surrendered (Aug., 1812) at Detroit to a smaller
  Canadian force under Isaac Brock. On the Niagara
  River, an American expedition was repulsed after
  a successful attack on Queenstown Heights,
  because the militia under Stephen Van Rensselaer
  would not cross the New York state boundary.

4
French King dies no heirs

• The crown of France under the earliest Captain
  monarchs was elective, not hereditary. There was
  no mechanism for automatic succession unless an
  heir was crowned as associate king, ready to step
  up as primary king when the previous king died.
  This procedure was very similar to the method by
  which the Germans elected a King of the Romans
  during the lifetime of the German monarch. The
  early Captains generally made sure their sons
  were crowned as associate kings with them, with
  such success that the inheritance of the eldest
  son and heir to the kingship came to be accepted
  as a matter of right. Louis VI of France was the
  first king to take the throne without having been
  crowned in his father's time however, his right
  to take the throne was initially contested.

5
Two men claim throne

• The English claims to the French throne have a
  long and complex history between the 1340s and
  the 19th century. From 1340 to 1801, with only
  brief intervals in 136069 and 142022, the kings
  and queens of England (and, later, of Great
  Britain) also assumed the title of King or Queen
  of France.

6
English take the lead

• On July 12, 1789, the French journalist named
  Camille Desmoulins incited the people of Paris to
  invade the arsenals and arm themselves in fear
  that King Louis XVI was about to attack the city.
  Two days later, on July 14, the people of Paris
  attacked the fortress of the Bastille and
  murdered its governor and defenders, as well as
  the city's magistrates. This violent event was
  the beginning of fundamental political changes in
  France and Europe that are known as the French
  Revolution.

7
Joan of Arc

• Joan of Arc (French Jeanne d'Arcy,4 IPA an
  dark ca. 14125 30 May 1431), nicknamed "The
  Maid of Orleans" (French La Purcell d'Orléans),
  is a folk heroine of France and a Roman Catholic
  saint. She was born a peasant girl in what is now
  eastern France. Claiming divine guidance, she led
  the French army to several important victories
  during the Hundred Years' War, which paved the
  way for the coronation of Charles VII of France.
  She was captured by the Burundians, transferred
  to the English in exchange for money, put on
  trial by the pro-English Bishop of Beauvais
  Pierre Capuchin for charges of "insubordination
  and heterodoxy",6 and was burned at the stake
  for heresy when she was 19 years old.

8
Results of the War

• Results of the war between Britain and the United
  States involved no geographical changes,1and no
  major policy changes. However, all the causes of
  the war had disappeared with the end of the war
  between Britain and France and with the
  destruction of the power of First Nation Indian
  tribes. American fears of the Indians ended, as
  did British plans to create a buffer Indian
  state. After Napoleon's defeat in 1814, Britain
  was no longer at war with France and there were
  no restrictions of neutral trade the British
  suspended their policy of impressments of
  American sailors, and never resumed it--but they
  insisted they still had the right to resume it.
  Americans regained their honor2 and proclaimed
  victory in what they called a "second war of
  independence" for the decisive defeat of the
  British invaders at New Orleans seemed to prove
  that Britain could never regain control of
  America, and the threat of secession by New
  England ended with the failure of the Hartford
  Convention.

9
Changes in England

• The Black Death, a bubonic plague pandemic which
  reached Europe in 1347 spread to England in 1348,
  and killed between a third and more than half of
  the nation's inhabitants. The Black Death was the
  first and most severe manifestation of the Second
  Pandemic, caused by the Yesinia pests bacteria.
• Originating in China, it spread west along the
  trade routes across Europe and arrived on the
  British Isles from the English province of
  Gascony. It is generally believed that The Black
  Plague was brought to England by people who had
  been infected on the European mainland who sailed
  into English ports, and by flea infested ship
  rats. The rats were the reservoir hosts of the Y.
  pests bacteria and the flea principally the
  Oriental rat flea was the primary vector.

10
Changes in France

• On July 12, 1789, the French journalist named
  Camille Desmoulins incited the people of Paris to
  invade the arsenals and arm themselves in fear
  that King Louis XVI was about to attack the city.
  Two days later, on July 14, the people of Paris
  attacked the fortress of the Bastille and
  murdered its governor and defenders, as well as
  the city's magistrates. This violent event was
  the beginning of fundamental political changes in
  France and Europe that are known as the French
  Revolution.

11
Democracy in France will have to wait

• Nobody now disputes that democracy is the most
  desirable type of political regime. This has not
  always been the case. On the right, distrust of
  popular sovereignty long reigned supreme. On the
  left, it was the term "socialism" that designated
  the true ideal. For many old-line republicans,
  moreover, the republic embodied political
  progress even more than universal suffrage did.
  The victorious path of the democratic ideal has
  thus long been strewn with formidable obstacles
  and subjected to severe competition from what
  were considered to be higher or truer
  understandings of the good.
• But it is another fact, of a semantic variety,
  that commands our attention here -- namely, the
  relatively late arrival on the scene of the term
  "democracy" to designate the type of regime in
  which the people are sovereign. Indeed, it was
  not until 1848 that the word "democracy" really
  became current in political discourse in France
  -- long after the principle of popular
  sovereignty was formulated and recognized. How
  can we explain this lag between the acceptance of
  the view that a society must create its own rules
  and institutions (which since the seventeenth
  century had sustained the various theories of the
  social contract) and the passing into widespread
  usage of the word "democracy," when today we
  regard these as synonymous? The history of the
  word "democracy" conceals a mystery that we shall
  attempt to explore.
• The first thing to note is that for a long time
  the word "democracy" was used only to designate
  an obsolete type of political system. In the
  eighteenth century, it was employed exclusively
  in reference to the ancient world. The
  Dictionaries universal of Antoine Fruitier (1690)
  defines the term as a "form of government in
  which the people have complete authority," noting
  that "democracy flourished only in the republics
  of Rome and Athens." The entries in the
  Dictionaries de Theroux (new edition, 1771) and
  the Dictionaries de l'Académie franchise (fourth
  edition, 1762) are in the same vein. These
  political definitions of democracy are especially
  succinct, emphasizing that the word has an
  archaic dimension (Athens and Rome), or else an
  exotic one (the French Academy's dictionary notes
  that "some Swiss cantons are authentic
  democracies"). If the Theroux dictionary seems to
  distinguish authority from sovereignty by
  specifying that, in a demo-racy, the people must
  exercise the former and retain the latter, only
  Pierre Michelet's old Dictionaries François
  (1680) was more detailed, specifying that
  democracy is "that form of government in which
  offices are distributed by lot." One must turn to
  Montesquieu Spirit of the Laws and Rousseau's
  Social Contract to go beyond these kinds of
  generalities.

12
Black Death

• The Black Death was one of the most devastating
  pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe
  between 1348 and 1350, and killing between 75
  million and 200 million people.123 Although
  there were several competing theories as to the
  etiology of the Black Death, recent analysis of
  DNA from victims in northern and southern Europe
  indicates that the pathogen responsible was the
  Yersinia pestis bacterium probably causing
  several forms of plague.45

13
Where it came from

• The Black Death is thought to have started in
  China or central Asia.6 It then travelled along
  the Silk Road and reached the Crimea by 1346.
  From there, it was probably carried by Oriental
  rat fleas living on the black rats that were
  regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading
  throughout the Mediterranean and Europe, the
  Black Death is estimated to have killed 30 to 60
  percent of Europe's population.7 All in all,
  the plague reduced the world population from an
  estimated 450 million to a number between 350 and
  375 million in the 14th century.

14
How it spread

• It was probably carried by Oriental rat fleas
  living on the black rats that were regular
  passengers on merchant ships. Spreading
  throughout the Mediterranean and Europe, the
  Black Death is estimated to have killed 30 to 60
  percent of Europe's population.7 All in all,
  the plague reduced the world population from an
  estimated 450 million to a number between 350 and
  375 million in the 14th century.

15
What disease was it?
16
Effect on Manor life and feudalism/How many died?

• The black death reached Europe in 1347 spread to
  England in 1348, and killed between a third and
  more than half of the nation's inhabitants. A
  third of the European population died, from 1347
  to 1357. It all started from the rats or mice
  that carried the fleas that were carries of the
  disease. The disease started somewhere in Asia.
• People panicked. Some though is it was a divine
  punishment, and many left the cities to find
  refuge and isolation in the countryside

17
What happened to it?

• The people started to clean it up.

18
Magna Carta causes changes in England
19
Magna Carta

• Magna Carta (Latin for Great Charter),1 also
  called Magna Carta Libertatum or The Great
  Charter of the Liberties of England, is an
  Angevin charter originally issued in Latin in the
  year 1215. It was translated into vernacular
  French as early as 1219,2 and reissued later in
  the 13th century in modified versions. The later
  versions excluded the most direct challenges to
  the monarch's authority that had been present in
  the 1215 charter. The charter first passed into
  law in 1225 the 1297 version, with the long
  title (originally in Latin) "The Great Charter of
  the Liberties of England, and of the Liberties of
  the Forest," still remains on the statute books
  of England and waves.

20
Who demanded this agreement?

• On June 15, 1215, in a field at Runnymede, King
  John affixed his seal to Magna Carta. Confronted
  by 40 rebellious barons, he consented to their
  demands in order to avert civil war. Just 10
  weeks later, Pope Innocent III nullified the
  agreement, and England plunged into internal war.
• Although Magna Carta failed to resolve the
  conflict between King John and his barons, it was
  reissued several times after his death. On
  display at the National Archives, courtesy of
  David M. Rubenstein, is one of four surviving
  originals of the 1297 Magna Carta. This version
  was entered into the official Statute Rolls of
  England.

21
Effects of Magna Carta

• King John ruled at the beginning of the 13th
  century. He was an unpopular king for a number of
  reasons. One was that he was unsuccessful in some
  battles which made him look like a weak leader.
  Among these battles were wars over parts of
  France which had belonged to England but which
  France reclaimed during John's reign. When John
  lost these areas less money flowed into England
  through taxes. This, along with continuing
  expensive battles with France, led John to demand
  higher taxes from people in England.
• The English barons were not happy about this, not
  just because they did not want to pay higher
  taxes but also because it was the custom in those
  days for the king to consult with the barons
  before raising taxes. John raised taxes on many
  occasions and even introduced new ones without
  consulting them.
• John also acted against custom by choosing
  someone to be the Archbishop of Canterbury
  against the wishes of the pope who wanted someone
  else to fill this role. This angered the pope so
  much that it caused a lot of problems for King
  John. To get back in favour with the pope, John
  gave him the kingdom of England and paid him
  yearly rent to continue living there. This gave
  the barons less control over their land because
  now it was officially owned by the Church, which
  made them even angrier.
• There were other ways in which John acted
  according to what suited him regardless of its
  effects on others. His rule was harsh and
  unpredictable and lost him the support of many
  people including the barons and the Catholic
  bishops. These two powerful groups got together
  and wrote a list of things they wanted the king
  to do, most of which were rights that they wanted
  him to guarantee them. John rejected these
  demands until the barons raised an army against
  him and overtook London.
• This action forced John to negotiate with the
  barons. In June 1215 he met them in a field near
  London where they made him sign a document which
  contained their list of demands. This document
  was called the Articles of the Barons but an
  official version of it called the Magna Carta was
  released soon afterwards and copies were
  distributed throughout the kingdom.