Design for the Environment

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Design for the Environment

• Felicia Kaminsky
• ESM 595F
• 2 November 2000

2
Outline

• History and Definitions
• EPA Cooperative Industry Projects
• Printing
• Garment Care
• Corporate Environmental Policy
• Xerox
• Lucent
• Conclusions Discussion

3
Defining DfE

• Concept pioneered by industry
• US EPA Program
• Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
• Over the past decade created from several
  voluntary initiatives
• Safer chemicals
• Comparative risk analysis
• Alternative technology
• Voluntary, partnership program that works
  directly with industries and other partners to
  integrate health and environmental considerations
  in business decisions

DfE
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Goals

• New approaches to risk reduction through
  pollution prevention
• Balancing business needs and environmental
  concerns
• Encourages front-end innovations through the
  redesign of formulations and manufacturing and
  disposal processes

DFE
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Sustainable Development
EnterpriseIntegration
Design for the Environment
Pollution Prevention
Integrated Product Development
Environmental Stewardship
Total QualityManagement
DFE
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Scope of DfE

• Occupational health and safety
• Consumer health and safety
• Ecological integrity and resource protection
• Pollution prevention and toxic use reduction
• Transportability (safety and energy use)
• Waste reduction and minimization
• Disassembly and disposability
• Recycle-able and remanufacture-able

DFE
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Cooperative Industry Projects

• Premise companies do not want to pollute, but
  often lack information
• Information needed
• Environmental impacts and consequences
• Trade one product or process for another
• Aim to provide current information needed to
  practice DfE

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EPA DfE Cooperative Industry Projects
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EPA DfE Partnerships

• Entire industry sector
• Industry leaders
• Trade associations
• Printing
• Printed Wiring Board
• Computer Display
• Garment and Textile Care

• Industrial/Institutional Cleaning Formulations
• Auto Refinishing
• Adhesives in Foam Furniture and Sleep Products
• Supplier Initiative

DfE
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Printing Projects

• 1992 Printing Industries of America approached
  DfE
• Screen printing
• Evaluated 18 screen reclamation technologies
• Lithography
• Assessed 40 blanket wash formulations
• Flexography
• Comparing solvent, water, and ultraviolet ink
  technologies

printing
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Flexography Project

• Printing from a raised image on a printing plate
  made from rubber or photopolymers
• Printing on paper, corrugated paperboard, or
  plastic consumer packages and labels
• Inks highly fluid and quick drying
• Contain solvents or water
• Selection performance requirements

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Flexography Project, continued

• Traditionally solvents from VOCs
• Regulated air pollutants
• Alternatives to conventional ink formulations
• Waterborne
• UV-cured
• Hazardous materials
• Disposal

• DfE seeks to provide info
• Technical and environmental advantages and
  disadvantages
• Implementation Studies research and applied
• Outreach

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Garment and Textile Care Program

• Following a 1992 roundtable on drycleaning,
  industry leaders paired with DfE
• Technical studies
• Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment
  (CTSA)
• Implementation
• Demonstration shops Training
• Outreach

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DfE as Corporate Environmental Policy
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DfE Guidelines

• Design for
• recovery and reuse
• disassembly
• waste minimization
• energy conservation
• material conservation
• chronic risk reduction
• accident prevention

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Interrelationships
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Driving Forces
                     
Customer Satisfaction
International Standards
Regulatory Constraints
Design for Environment
Competitive Pressures
Product Stewardship
Enterprise Integration
Risk Management
Sustainable Development
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DfE at Xerox

• Waste-free products and factories
• Minimize waste to landfill and releases to the
  environment at every step of a product life cycle
• 1993 began training design engineers in DFE
  principles
• Objective to incorporate into new and existing
  products
• Copy cartridges ? new copiers, printers, and
  multifunction products

Xerox
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Implementation

• Develop and environmental plan for each product
• Environmental impacts
• Product life cycle costs
• Limit production materials
• Recyclable
• Recycled thermoplastics and metals
• Recycling symbols

Xerox
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Design for Reuse

• 1995 Mark engineering drawings with
  remanufacturing codes
• Snap-together designs
• Facilitate assembly and disassembly processes
• Copy cartridges
• Asset Recovery Center
• One million parts in 1993

Xerox
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Goals (1998) Results (1994)

• Decrease waste 90
• Air emissions -90
• Water discharges -90
• Post-consumer 25
• Energy efficiency 10

• Recycled gt75
• Air emissions -75
• ? Use of recycled materials

Xerox
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DfE at Lucent

• Part of Corporate Environmental Strategy
• Committed to design for the environment
• Established cross-functional DfE team
• Product Lifecycle Team
• Integrated into product realization process
• Aims to develop and apply DfE criteria for all
  operating units by 2000

Lucent
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Lucent Program Highlights

• Equipment reuse and refurbishment
• Repair and refurbishment of business telephones
• Battery-return program
• Packaging
• Material Reclamation Center

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Conclusions Discussion

• Public awareness is this necessary?
• Fully integrated to environmental management
  practices?
• What about small companies?

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Additional Information

• EPA DfE Homepage
• ltwww.epa.gov/opptintr/dfe/index.htmlgt
• Design for Environment Creating Eco-Efficient
  Products and Processes, Joseph Fiksel, editor