Summary Paraphrase Quotation

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SummaryParaphraseQuotation
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Summary

• Condensed
• In your own words
• Concise, but not telegraphic

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Paraphrase

• Not condensed
• In your own words
• Most useful method of incorporating source
  material
• Also a useful study aid

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Quotation

• Exact words.
• Any additions or deletions must be indicated with
  brackets or ellipses
• . . . indicates less than a full sentence has
  been deleted
• . . . . indicates that one or more full sentences
  have been deleted
• Errors in the original are left intact and
  indicated by sic

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When to Quote

• To add the power of an authors words to support
  your argument
• To disagree with an authors argument
• To highlight particularly eloquent or powerful
  phrases or passages
• To compare and contrast specific points of view
• To note the important research that precedes your
  own

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When to Summarize

• To establish background or offer an overview of a
  topic
• To describe knowledge (from several sources)
  about a topic
• To determine the main ideas of a single source

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When to Paraphrase

• To clarify a short passage from a text
• To avoid overusing quotations
• To explain a point when exact wording isnt
  important
• To explain the main points of a passage
• To report numerical data or statistics (preferred
  in APA papers)

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Prefer Paraphrase

• In most situation, paraphrase will be the most
  effective option.
• Paraphrase uses your own words, so it blends well
  into the text.
• Paraphrase creates an better understanding of the
  source material

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Paraphrase Practice

• Using the information on pages 44 45, define
  the idea of a Coasean ceiling and a Coasean
  floor by paraphrasing Shirky.
• A Coasean ceiling is . . .

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Summary Practice

• The final paragraph on page 51, and the
  subsequent paragraph on page 52 offer details on
  Garrett Hardins Tragedy of the Commons.
  Summarize these two paragraphs in 50 words or
  less.