Title: X-ray?US, CT, MRI, DSA…
1 ????
- 2005. 12.
- ?????? ?????
- ? ? ?
2- ???? ??? ???
- X-ray?US, CT, MRI, DSA
- Interventional radiology? ??
- Opening IV
- Catheterizations performance for enteroclysis,
(colonoscopy, cystography..) - ????? ?? ??, ????? ????(??, ??, ?? ??)
- ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??, ?????? ????? ??
- ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??
3Management infection control during the
Outbreak of SARS
British J. of Radio 2005606-611
- SRAS ? ???? ??
- ???????, ??, ???? ????
- ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??
- ?????? ?? ?? ??
- 2003. Taiwan
- 671 probable SARS case
- 7 health care worker died
- 3 radiographer were infected
4Radiology 2003229(1)21-26
- By Tsou IYY, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
- ????
- Isolation barrier procedure
- ????
- ??? ??(?? ? ??) ???? ? ?? ???CT, US, MRI?? ??,
???? ?? ???? ?? - Staff(???? ?? ?? ? ??)?? ?? ??(?? ? PACS??)
- ??? ???? ?? ?? ??/???/?? ???? ?? ??
- Universal precaution? ?? ??, ???(N95), ??, ??
- ?? ??? ??? ??, ?? ??? ??? ??? ??
- ?? ???? ?? ??
- ?? ? shower? ?? ??
5British J. of Radio 2005606-611
6- ???? ??? X-ray ?? ??? ???
- HIV ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????
- VRE??? ??? ? ?????, ? ??? ??? ???
- ???? ?? ?? ??? ???
- ???? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????
- ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???
7- ????? ??
- Standard precaution
- Hand washing
- ????? ??
- Needle stick injury??
8????? ??
- ???? ?? ??? ??
- ??, ???, ?? ? ????? ??? ??? ??
- ???? ?? ???? ????
9???? ??
- ???
- ??, ??, ?,
- ????
- ??? ?? ?
- ??, ??? ???
- ?? ? ??
- ???
- ??
- ??, ??? ???
- ?? ? ??
- ???
- ??
??lt??lt??
?
10???? ??
- ???? ??? ?
- ??? ??
- ???? ??
- ??(???? ????????) ??
- ????? ?? ???, ??
- ???
- ???? ??
- ???? ??/1???? ??
- ??
- ??? ?? ??
- ???? ??? ?
- ????
- ??? ??
11???? ? ?? ???
- ??????(Standard Precaution)
- ???
- ???? ??
- VRE ????
- Needle stick injury ??? ??
12Isolation?Precautions(1996. CDC) (??) (??)
- Standard precaution(????) HIV, HBV, HCV
- Transmission-based precaution
- Airborne precaution(?? ?? ??) ??
- Droplet precaution(?? ??) SARS
- Contact precaution(?? ??) VRE, MRSA
- ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??
- ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??
131. Standard precautions
- ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????
?? - ?? ??? ??, ??, ??? ? ??? ??? ??
- ??
- Hand washing?hygiene
- Gloving
- Mask, Eye Protection, Face shield
- Gown ????? ??
- Patient-Care Equipment ???? ?? ??
- Environmental Control
- Linen ?????????
- Occupational Health and blood born
pathogens?Needle stick injury ?? - Patient placement
14????? ?????? ??
- Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis 1815 - 1865
- ??? ?????? ??,
- General Hospital of Vienna(1840??)
- - ???? ?? ???? 18
- - ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ??
- - ??? ??? ????? ??
- - ?? ?? ?? ? chlorine???? ???? ??-gt???? ??? ??
- - ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????
15Hand washing?Hand hygiene
- ??, ??, ???, ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????
??? - ??? ?? ??, ??? ?? ?? ??, ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???
?? ?? ? - ? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???
- ?? ?? ??
- ????(??? ?????? ???? ?? ??)? ????? ??? ??
16?? ?? ????
- Before Interventional radiological procedures
- BA all intravenous interventions
- BA colon X-ray, nasogastric tubing and
enteroclysis tubing - BA endorectal, endovaginal and endoscopic US
- Before contact with immune suppressed patients
and newborns - BA the maintenance and irrigation of cath.
Placed percutaneously or in other ways and the
discharge of free drainage bags - BA contact with pts in the burn or ICU where
mobile X-ray service are rendered
17- ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ??
- ?? ??? ??? ?? ??
- ??? ?? ?
- ??? ?? ?
- ????? ??? ? ?? ??
- ?? ??? ??? ?? ?
- ??? ??
- ??? ???? ???? ?? ?
- ??? ?? ?
- ??, ???, ??, ??? ??, ?? ???? ?? ?
- ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?(????? ?gt????
- ??? ?? ?
18(No Transcript)
19???? ? ??? ??(????)
- ???? ??? ????
- ???? ??/?? ?? ??
- ??? ??? ? ??
- ????? ??? ???? ?? ??
- ???? ??? ??? ??
- ????? ??? ??/?? ??
- ??, ????? ??
- ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????
- ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??
- ???? ??? ?? ????
- ?? ??/????
- ??? ????? ?? ??? ??
- ??? ???? ?? ???
- ????? ???? ??
- ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??
Perception Understaffing
20??? ?? ???? ????
- HCWs perception ? ???? ???? ??(Pittet et al)
- Understaffing
- ???? ????? ????HH? ?? 12??
- ?? ???
- ??? ??? ???? ?? ??
- ? Alcohol base hand rub
- 30-120??10-30?
21??? ??
- ?? ? ????
- ??? ?? ????, ????, ????, ??(???, ??, ?, ??)
- ???? ?? ?? ?? ? 40-50? ?? ???????? ??
- ???? ?? ??? ?, ? ?? ???? ??? ??
- ?? ??? ??? ? ?? (3cc ??)
- ?? ????, ???? ???? ?? ????? ?
22Glove
- ??, ??, ???, ???, ??? ??, ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??
- ??? ?? ????/??? ????
- ? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??
- ?? ?? ??, ?? ?? ???
23Mask, Eye Protection, Face shield
- ??, ??, ???, ???? ? ?? ???? ??
- ???
- Interventional procedure? ??
- ??? ?? ?? ???, ???, ???, ?????, ??? ???, ?? ???
? - ?????? ?????? ??
24Gown
- ??? ?? ??? ??, ??, ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ??
- ??? ???? ??
- ??? ??? ?? ?? ???
- ???? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ???
- ?? ??? ????? ??? ??
25Compliance? ??? ???
- National survey(1991)
- 1,530 Interventional radiologist (53 returned)
- 85 10??? ?? ??????? ??
- AIDS ? ?? ?? ??? 96
- CDC?? ??? ????? 62
- ?? 86? ??
- ??? ?? ????? 32
- ?? 7
- ????? ?? 20
Universal precaution 1986suswpwjd, 1991? OSHA??
???? ???. 1996? CDC?? standard precaution?? ??
26Automatic injector in MRI, CT? ?? ?? ?????
Rofo 2004176(12) 1832-6
MRI, CT? ???
- ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??
- ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??
- Automatic injector ? ??? 1??? ??? ??
27Patient-Care Equipment
- ??, ??, ???, ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???
?? - ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??, ??? ? ?? ???? ??
- 1?? ??? ?? ??
- ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??
- ??? ???(2000.8.9) ??? ???, ??? ???
- ????????? ??(2002. 3. 18) ???????
- ????? ?? ??
28Rational Approach to Disinfection and
Sterilization
- Spaulding (1968) classified 3 categories by the
degree of risk of infection involved in the use
of each one. - Critical item enter normally sterile tissue or
vascular system, or through which blood flows. - Semi critical item come in contact with mucous
membranes or skin that is not intact. Free of all
microorganisms except high numbers of bacterial
spores. - Noncritical item Noncritical objects will not
come in contact with mucous membranes or skin
that is not intact. Can be expected to be
contaminated with some microorganisms.
29High level disinfection
- ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??
- ?????? ?? ???
- Glutaraldehyde based formulation, Demand-release
chlorine dioxide, 6 stabilized hydrozen
peroxide, Peracetic acid, Sodium hypochlorite - ?? 6-10??, ????? ?? 20? ??
- Wet pasteurization
- ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? Semicritical
item? ???? ?? - ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??(??????????, ??????
?????), ????? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ??
30Intermediated level disinfection
- ??, ??? ??, ???? ???? ? ??? ??
- ??? ?? ? ??
- ???? ??? ??? ???? 10? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??
- Sodium hypochlorite(1,000 ppm available chlorine)
- 70-90 Isoprophyl alcohol
- Phenolic germicide detergent solution
- Iodophor germicide detergent
31Low level disinfection
- ???? ??? ????? ??, ??? ?? ??(10? ??)
- ??, ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ??
- Sodium hypochlorite(100 ppm available chlorine)
- 70-90 Isoprophyl alcohol
- Phenolic germicide detergent solution
- Iodophor germicide detergent solution
- Quaternary ammonium compound
32???? ?? ???? ????
33Environmental Control
- ??? ???? ???? ??(??, ????, ???? ??)
- ???? ? ?????? ??
- ???? ?? ??? 4? ?????, ??? ???
?? HIV ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???
?? VRE? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?
34Linen
- ??, ???, ??, ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ? ?? ?
- ??? ??, ??, ????? ???? ??? ??
- ????? ??
- ???? ??? ?? ??? ??
35Needle stick injury? ??
- Angiography, Intravascular procedure? ??
- ??????? ??? ??
- ?????? ?? ??
- ????????? ??
- HBV, HCV, HIV
36- ??? ????
- ???? ??? ??
- ????? ??, ???? ??
- ????
- ?? ? ??
- ?? ? ?? ? ??
- ????
37Potential exposure to HCV through accidental
blood contact in interventional radiology
JVIR(2003)142 173-179
- Hospital de Paris ??? 9? ?? 77? ??
- HCV?? ?? ???? ??
- 44? ????, 52? ?? ??
- But Standard precaution? ???? ??(?? safety
device? ??? ??) - ??? 9.7? HCV ???? ?? ?
38(No Transcript)
39(No Transcript)
40- ??? ? ??? ?
- ??? ??? ??? ????, ?????, ???? ??
- ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? Neutral zone? ?? ?
- ???? ??? ??, ???? ??? ?? ?
- Safety device? ??? ?? ? ?
41Needle stick injury??? ??
- ?? ??? ??
- ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????????? ??
- ??? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ??
- ???? ?? ??? ? ???? ?????? ??
- ??? ??? ???? ??
- ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ??
- HBV, HCV, HIV
- VDRL()
42?? ? ??? ??? ???
- B? ?? 6-30(???? ??), ???? ??? ?? ?? ?
- C? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? 1.8
- HIV
- ???? ???? ?? 0.3(1?/300?)
- ?, ?, ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? 0.1
- ??? ?? 0.1 ??
- ?? ?? ???No problem
- ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ??
- But ??? ??? ???
- ? ?? ?? ??? ??????
- ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??
(CDC. 2000. 6. 30)
43???? ? ?? ? ??
- HBV
- Hepatitis B vaccine
- Hepatitis B immunoglobulin(Hepabig)
- HCV
- No vaccine
- No treatment after exposure
- HIV
- No vaccine
- ?? ? AZT? ???HIV transmission? ?? ??
44HBV
1. ?? ? ??? ??
2. ?? ? ???? ?? ? 3??, 6??? HBsAg ??
45HCV
- ??? 2?-6??
- ??? ?? ??
- ?? ?? ??
- 1. ??? Anti-HCV ?? ???? ??
- 2. ???? ???? Anti-HCV, OT,PT
- ?? ? 4? ?? anti-HCV RNA ??
- ?? ? 4?? ? Anti-HCV, OT,PT
46HIV? ?? ? ??
- ??? ????(??, ?, ??, ??)
- ?? ?? ???? ?? ??/??? ??/?? ??
- ??(? ??, ?? ??)/??(?? ??, ?? ??)
- ??? ??, ??? ??
- ?? ?? ? ??/?? ??/??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??
- ??? ??
- ???/?? CD4
- AIDS??/??? HIV??/HIV?? ??/??CD4
??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??.
47?? ? ????
- ?? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??
- ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??
- ???? ??, ????,
- ????, ? ??
- ??? ??, ??, ??? ??
- ???, ????gt1? 1.5L?? ?? ??
- ?????? ? 1? ??
- Anti-HIV?? ????, 6?, 3??, 6??
- CBC/plt, SMA??
- ???, ??, ??? ??, ??, ??, ?????? ?????, HIV???? ??
- ???? ? ? ???? ??(???? ???? ??)
- ??? ?? ? ??
- ??? ? ??(????), ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ?
482. ?? ?? ??(Airborne precaution)
- 0.5 ?m ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??
- ?? ?? ??
- ????, ??? 6-12?? ?? ??, ??? ???? HEPA filter?
??? ??? - ?? ??? ?? ?? ?
- ???? ???
- ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??, ??? ??
- ???? ???? ??? N95??? ??
- ??? ??
- ??? ?? , ???? ?? surgical mask ??
- ?? ??
- Measles, Varicella Zoster(including dissemination
zoster), Tuberculosis
49- ??? ?? ???? ?????? N95 ??? ????
503. ?? ??(Droplet precaution)
- 0.5 ? m ??? ??? ??, ???, ??, ?? ?? ? ? ??? ???
??? ?, ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? (3 feet ??) - ??
- ???? ??, cohort isolation, ????? 3 feet?? ??? ?
? - ?? ???? ??? ?? ??
- ???? ??
- 3feet???? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ??
- ??? ??
- ??? ???. ?? ??? ??? ??
51- ????
- Invasive hemophyilus influenza type B disease
- Invasive neisseria meningitis disease
- Invasive multidrug resistant S. pneumoniae
disease - ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??
- Diphtheria(pharygeal), Mycoplasma pneumonia,
Pertusis - ??? ?? ???? ????? ??
- Adenovirus, Influenza, Mumps, parvovirus B19,
Rubella - SARS
524. ?? ?? (Contact precaution)
- ??, ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??
- ??
- 1??? ??
- 1??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??
- ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??
- ??? ???
- ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??
- ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?
- ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?
- ???? ???? ??
53???? ??
- MRSA Methicillin resistant S. aureus
- VRSA Vancomycin resistant S. aureus
- VRE Vancomycin resistant enterococci
- ESBL producing G(-)
- E. coli, Klebsiella, Psedudomonas,
Stenotrophomonas
54???? ??? ??
- ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??
- ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??
- ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??
- ???? ???? ?? ??
- ???? ??? ??, ????? ?? ?? ??
- ????? ????? ????? ???
55MRSA prevalence in 19 countries or states(Zinn
CS, et al. Microbial Drug Resistance 20042160)
56MDROs in Korean hospitals (KONSAR study 2001)
Lee Kyungwon, et al. J Korean Med Sci 2004198-14
57VRE ????? ??? ????
VRE??? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? Imprint culture
-1,9,12 ???? -2,3,4 ?? ??? ???? ??? VRE -5,6
from bed side rail -7from cardiac monitor -8
form gloved hand imprint isolate -10, 11 other
pt.
Infectcontrol Hopsp Epidemiol 200223424-428
58(No Transcript)
59S.W. Lemmen et al. Journal of Hospital Infection
(2004) 56, 191197
604. ?? ?? (Contact precaution)
- ??, ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??
- ??
- 1??? ??
- 1??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??
- ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??
- ??? ???
- ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??
- ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?
- ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?
- ???? ???? ??
61Hospital infections in radiology clinics
Diagn Interv Radiol 2005115-9
- ??? ? ??? B? ?? ????? ?? ? ?
- ???? ????? ?? ??? ? ?
- ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??x-ray? ????, ?
???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? - ? ??? X-ray device? ??? ??? ?? ? ? ? ?? ??
- ???? ??? ? ?, ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?
- ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?
- ???? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????
?? ?? ? - ???? ?? ? ??? ??? ? ?
62????! ?? ?
NO!