Title: Clinical Overview of Infectious Lung Diseases
1???? ??
2??? ?? ??
- 1?? ???? ?? ??
- 2?? ??? ??
- ??, ??? ???, ???, ?? ??, ??? ???, ??? ?
- 3?? ?? ??? ?? ??
3?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??
44?? ??? ?? ??
- 7-10? ?? ?? ?? ??
- Mycoplasma pneumonia
- ?? ?? 24?? ??, ??, ??
- Legionnaire?
- ?? ??? ?? ??? ??
- ???, Legionnaire?
- ???, ?? ?? ?? ???
- ??? ???, ??? ??
- Mycoplasma pneumonia
5- ??? ??
- Q fever, tularemia, ??? ??, Legionnaire?
- ?? pigmented cast, CPK?
- influenza virus? ??, Legionnaire?, ?? ??
- ??? ?? ? ?? Pneumococcus
65?? ??? ?? ??
- Lobar consolidation
- alveolar pneumonia
- Patch bronchopneumonia
- peribronchial, segmental
- Interstitial pneumonia
- Nodules large, small, miliary
- 6?? ???? ??
- 7?? ??? ??
78?? ??? ??
- Protected specimen brush (PSB)
- Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
- Transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB)
- Plugged telescoping catheter
- Percutaneous needle aspiration
- Open lung biopsy
- Transtracheal aspiration (TTA)
- Endotracheal aspiration (ETA)
8???(empiric) ?? ??
- ???, ????? ??? ????(nonspecificity)
- ???? ???? ?? ????? ???
9???? ?? ????? ????
- 1) The severity of illness at initial
presentation - 2) The presence of either coexisting illness or
advanced age
10?? ??? ?? ?? 1
- ????
- Streptoccus pneumoniae (?????? ??)
- Anaerobes
- Gram (-) bacilli
- H. Influenzae
- Legionella pneumophila
- Klebsiella
- M. tuberculosis
- ?? ??? ???
- Streptoccus pneumoniae
- Hemophilus influenzae
- Moraxella catarrhalis
- Legionella
11?? ??? ?? ?? 2
- ????? Influenza, S. pneumoniae
- H. influenzae, S. aureus
- ?? ?? ??, ?? ????
- ?? ????, chemical pneumonitis, ??
- ??????, ??? Pseudomonas, S. aureus
- ?? ??? ???? ???, P. aeruginosa
12?? ??
- Clinically can not establish an etiologic
diagnosis - H. inzafluene, S. aureus, gram-negative enteric
rods S. pneumoniae ? ?? ??? ?? - Mycoplasma ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??
- Legionella, influenza
- ???? ??? ??? ???? ??
- ?????
13- ???? ??? ?? ??
- ????? ??, ??
- ?? ?? ??? virus, mycoplasma, chlamydia,
tularemia, legionella
14- Herpes labialis
- Edentulous vs. anaerobics aspiration
- Consolidation signs
15?? ??? ??
- ???(???? ??? ?? ??)
- ??
- ?? 24??
- P. carinii 10-30
- ??? ??
16??? ??
- ???? ?? ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ??
- Subsegmental, segmental, lobar pneumonia
- Patch peribronchial multifocal bronchopneumonia
- ?? ??, ?? ?? ??
- ???, ?? COPD, ??? ?? ????? ?? (?????), ?? ?(??
??? ??)
17??? ??, ???
- ?? ??
- ?? ????, ?? ??? ??, ??? ?? ?? ??(K. pneumoniae),
??, ?? - ??? ?? ??, ???
- ?? ??
- ??? serotype III, ??? ??, ?? ??, ?? ?? ??
- H. influenzae, M. pneumoniae, virus
18?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??
- Legionella
- Influenza virus
- ???
- P. carinii
19Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- ??, ?, ?? ?? ??? ??
- ???? ??
- ??? ?? ??? ??
- ?? ???? ?? ??
- ?? ? ??? 3-4? ??
20- Erythema multiforme, bullous myringitis
- ?? ?? ? ??, ?? ??
- ??? ??, ??, ??, ???, ??, ??? ????
- ???? 2-4?
- ?? ?? ??
21- ?????? ?? ??
- ??? 3 ??
- ?? ???? ?? ???
- 1/3 ??? ??
- ??? ???? ??? ??
- ??? ??
- ???? ???? ?? ??
22Chlamydia pneumoniae variant TWAR
- M. pneumoniae? ??? ?? ???
- ??? ?? ???? 5-15
- ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??
- ????? ??? ??
- ??? ??
23 - ???? ??, ??, ??
- ????, ??? ?? ??, ??
- ??? ??
- ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??
- ?? ?? ?? ???
-
24??? ? ??
- ??
- ???
- ??? ??(?? ?? coliform bacteria)
- ?? ??? ???
- ??? ???(bronchopleural fistula)
- ??? ??
- ?? ??
- ? dependent part ??
25???? ??
- ????? ?? ??
- Transtracheal aspirate, ??? ??
- ?? ??? ?? 30 ??? ?? ??
- ??? ??? ??? ??, ???
- 90 ??? ??
- ???? ? 40-65
- ????? ???? 40-45
26- ???? ? ??clindamycin IV gt penicillin G IV
- Metronidazole ?? IV ???, microaerophilic
streptococci ?? ?? ??? ?? - Metronidazole penicillin ??, amoxicillin/clavuli
nic acid ?? ??? - Imipenem, meropenem, chloramphenicol, ?? beta
lactam/beta lactam inhibitor ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? - Moxi-, gati-, trovafloxacin ??? ?? ??
- Macrolides, cephalosporins, doxycycline variable
- Cefoxitin, cefotetan, cefmetazole
27??? ??? ??
- ?? ??? ?? ?, ??? ??
- ???, ?? ????? ?? ??
- ?? ???, ?? ??? ??? ???
- ??? ???? ?? ??
28?? ????
- Prevotella melaninogenica, Bacteroides,
Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, peptostreptococci,
peptococci, microaerophilic streptococci - Beta-lactamase ?? ?? 15
- Bacteroides, P. melaninogenica, B. fragilis
- ?????? ????
- S. viridans, M. catarrhalis, Eikenella corrodens
29????? ??
- ?????? S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae vs.???
- ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ??
- ??? ??? ?? ??
- ????? baloon
30????? ??
- Gram stain, Quellung reaction positive S.
pneumoniae - ??? ?? ?, ?? ?? ??
- Negative results for Gram (-) rod, Staph.
aureus
31????? ??
- Legionella 5?? ??? ?????, beta-lactam ???
??(-), ??? ???? ? ?? - ?? PCR ?? ??? ??, ?? ???? ???, AFB smear
positive??? ?? ??
32???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? 2001
- Timing of initial therapy
- ???? 8?? ?? ??? ??
- ?? ???? ?? ?? ??
- Beta lactam macrolides
- ?? ? ??? fluoroquinolone ?? ??
33Penicillin resistant St. pneumoniae
- ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????
- ?? ??, ??? ??? ?? ???
- ???? ??? 80
- ??? ?? vs. ?? ??? ?? ?
- 3?? ?? ???, 65? ??, ?? ?? ??, ???? ??, ??? ?? ???
34Penicillin resistant St. pneumoniae
- Oxacillin disk ??? 99 ?? ??? 80
- ??? ??(MIC 0.121.0 ug/ml) ??? penicillin ??? ??
amoxicillin ?? - ?? ?? cephalosporins, macolides ??? ??
- Ceftriaxone (IM ??), cefotaxime IV
- Vancomycin, imipenem/cilastin
- Levofloxacin, sparfloxacin, gatifloxacin,
moxifloxacin, gemifloxacin grepafloxacin,
trovafloxacin - Linezolid, ketolides (telithromycin)
- 89 ???? ??? ??? ??
35Fluoroquinolone
- 1. New Anti-Pneumococcal Fluoroq.(NAPFQ) levo-,
spar-, gati-, moxi-, gemifoxacin - 2. ? ??? ??, epithelial lining fluid? alveolar
macrophage? ?? ?? ?? - 3. ????, ???? ?? ???? ??
- ?? ???? ??
- 4. ???
- photosensitivity, GI problem, neurotoxicity ?
36Beta-lactam agents
- 1. Drug Resistent Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP)
?? ?? ?? - oral cefuroxime (alternatively cefpodoxime),
- high dose amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulana
te - IV cefotaxime, ceftriaxone,
ampicillin/sulbactam, - ??? ? ??? quinolone (NAPFQ)
- 2. cefepime, imipenem, meropenem,
piperacillin/tazobactam DRSP? ????? ???
P.aeruginosa ?? ????? ??? ???. - 3. ?? ?? ??(mycoplasma, chlamydia, legionella)?
?? ???
37Beta-lactam agents
- Drug Resistent S. pneumoniae (DRSP)
- Oral cefuroxime, cefpodoxime, high dose amox.,
amox/clavulanate - IV cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ampicillin/sulbactam
- 2. Cefepime, imipenem, meropenem,
piperacillin/tazobactam DRSP? ??, P.aeruginosa
?? ??? ?? ?? - 3. ?? ?? ??(mycoplasma, chlamydia, legionella) ???
38Macrolides
- 1. Respiratory secretion? ?? ??
- 2. Enteric gram negative, DRSP ??? ??? macrolide
???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? - 3. Enteric gram negative, DRSP? ??? ???
- beta-lactam (highly active against DRSP)?
combination regimen?? ?? - 4. ?? ?? ??? ??
-
39Legionella sp. ?? ??
- ??, ??
- ??? ?? ?? ??, ?? ??, ??
- ???? ????, ??
- ??? ??(20 40) ??, ??, ??
- ??? ??? ??, P?, Na?, CPK?, LDH ?
- ????? ?? ?
- ???? ??, ??, ????, ????, ???, ???, ??. ??? ??
40Legionella sp. ?? ??
- Erythromycin 2-4 g IV ?? rifampicin PO (300 mg
bid or 600 mg 1?) - Fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q8h or
750 mg PO q12h, levofloxacin 500 mg PO or IV qd - Azithromycin 500 mg PO or IV qd
- Clarithromycin 500 mg PO or IV bid
- ? 10-14? ?????, ?? ???? ???, 21?
- Azithromycin 5 10? ??
41?? ??
- ???? ?? ???
- 65? ??, 3???? beta lactam, alcoholism
- ?? ?? ?? (????? ?? ??)
- ??? ?? ??, ??? ?? ??
- ?? ?? ?? ??
- Nursing home, ?? ????, ?? ?? ??, ?? ???
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- ???? ??(??????, ??? ?)
- 1? 10 mg ?? ?????, 1?? ?? ??? ??? 1? ?? ??, ?? ??
42Group I. ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Chlamydia pneumoniae
- (?? or ?? ??)
- Hemophilus influenzae vs. EM
- Respiratory virus
- ?? Legionella, ??
- 1. ??? macrolide
- (azithromycin or clarithromycin)
- ??
- 2. Doxycycline vs. S. pneum.
- macrol. ????? ? ?? ??
43Group II. ?? ?? ?? ???? ? ?? ??
- S. pneumoniae
- (DRSP ??)
- M. pneumoniae
- C. pneumoniae
- Mixed infection
- H. Influenzae
- Enteric gram (-). Respiratory virus
- 1. ß-lactam (oral cefpodoxime, cefuroxime, ??
amoxicillin, Amox./clav IV ceftriaxone) - Plus
- Macrolide or doxycycline
- ??
- 2. Anti-pneumococcal fluoroquinolone ????
- ?? ??
44- Risk factors associated with an increased risk
of death or a complicated course. - 1. Age over 65 yr
- 2.Coexisting illnesses such as COPD,
bronchiectasis, malignancy, DM, CRF, chronic
liver disease, chronic alcohol abuse,
malnutrition, cerebrovascular disease, and
postsplenectomy. A history of hospitalization
within the past year is also a risk factor. - 3. Physical findings RR gt 30 breaths/min DBP
60 mm Hg or SBP lt 90 mm Hg pulse 125/min fever
lt 35 or gt40 C confusion and evidence of
extrapulmonary sites of infection.
45- 4. Laboratory findings
- a. WBC lt 4 109/L or gt 30 109/L, or an ANC
lt 1 109/L - b. PaO2 lt 60 mm Hg or PaCO2 of gt 50 mm Hg
while breathing room air - c. Serum creatinine of gt 1.2 mg/dl or a BUN of
gt 20 mg/ dl (gt 7 mM) - d. Unfavorable chest radiograph findings (more
than one lobe involvement, cavity, rapid
radiographic spreading, pleural effusion) - e. Hct of lt 30 or Hg lt 9 mg/dl
- f. Sepsis or organ dysfunction
- g. Arterial pH lt 7.35
46Group IIIa. ??,not in ICUCardiopulmonary disease
? modifying factor
- S.pneumoniae
- (DRSP)
- H.influenzae
- M.pneumoniae
- C.pneumoniae
- Mixed infection
- Enteric gram (-).
- Aspiration(anaerob.)
- Virus
- Legionella spp.
- 1. IV ß-lactam cefotaxime, ceftriaxone,
amp./sulbactam, high-dose ampicillin - Plus
- Macrolide(IV/PO) or Doxycycline
- ??
- 2. IV antipneumococcal
- Fluoroquinolone alone ????
- Antipseudomonal agents) P. aeruginosa
- ???? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ??
- ?? ß-lactam? ß-lactamase ???? doxycycline??
??? macrolide ???? ??
47Group IIIb. ??, not in ICU ???? ?? ?? ?? ??
- S. pneumoniae
- H. influenzae
- M. pneumoniae
- C. pneumoniae
- Mixed infection
- Virus
- Legionella spp.
- 1. IV azithromycin alone
- (macrolide? allergy???
- Doxy plus ß-lactam
- DRSP, Gram ?? ?? ?
- ??? ?? ?? ? ??)
- ??
- 2. Anti-pneumococcal
- Fluoroquinolone alone
-
- ????
48Group IVa.ICU ?? P.aeruginosa ?? ??
- S. pneumoniae
- Legionella spp.
- H. Influenzae
- Enteric gram(-)bacilli
- S. aureus
- M. pneumoniae
- Respiratory virus
- IV ß-lactam
- (cefotaxime,ceftriaxone)
- Plus
- 1. IV macrolide(azithromycin)
- ??
- 2. IV fluoroquinolone? ??
-
- ????
49Group IVb. ICU ??, risk for P.aeruginosaAll of
the IVa pathogen plus P. aeruginosa
- 1. Selected IV anti-pseudomonal ß-lactam
(Cefepime, imipenem, meropenem,
piperacillin/tazobactam) - Plus
- IV anti-pseudomonal quinolone (ciprofloxacin)
- ??
- 2. Selected ß-lactam plus IV aminoglycoside
- plus 1). IV macrolide or
- 2). IV non-pseudomonal fluoroquinolone
- ????
50Duration of therapy
- 1. S.pneumoniae, other bacterial infection
7-10? (??? ?? 3-5? ?? ? 5?) - M.pneumoniae, C.pneumoniae10-14?
- 2. ????? ????
- coexisting illness
- bacteremia
- ?????? severity of illness
- hospital course
51Response to Therapy
- 1. Fever 2-4? ?? ??, ? ?? ? ?? ??
- 2. Leukocytosis ?? 4??? ??
- 3. Crackles 20-40 7? ?? ??
- 4. Chest X-ray abnormalities
- 50? ???? ??? ??? ????? 4??? clear X-ray? ???
??? 60
52Switch to Oral Therapy
- 1. Criteria
- Cough, sputum ????
- 8?? ?? 2? afebrile(100F, 37.8C??)
- WBC count ??
- ?? ?? ???? ??? ??
- 2. ?? 3?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??
- 3. Oral switch? ??? ??? ?? ??
- ??? ?? ?? doxycycline, linezolid, ??? quinolones
53Pneumococcal vaccine
- ?? ??
- 65? ?? ?? ?? 1?
- 64? ?? ?? ??
- ???(CHF), ?? ???(COPD, not asthma)
- ??, ????, ?? ???(???), ???? leak, ??? ?? ??
asplenia - ?????
- HIV, leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkins, multiple
myeloma, generalized malignancy, chronic renal
failure, nephrotic syndrome - ?? ?? ??, ??? ????? ??? 2? ?? ??
54Pneumovax ?? ??
- 64? ??? ?? 5? ?? ??? 65? ??? 1?? ?? ??
- 65? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??
- Asplenia? 10? ???? 5? ?? ??? ?? ??
- ?? ???? ?? 5? ?? ???
55Pneumovax
- ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??
- ?? ???? ?? ??
- 1? ?? ???? ??? ??
- 3? ?? ????? ??? ??
- ?? 1? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??
56?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??
- ??? ??? ?? ??
- ??, ???? ??, ??? ??, ?? ??? ?? ??
- ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??
- ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??
57?? ?? ??? ??
- ??? ????? ???, ?? ??
- ???, ??
- ?? ???
- ?, ??, ?? ?? ? ??
- ???? ??, ??, ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??
58? ???? ???? ??
- ?? ??? ??? ????
- Doxycycline, macrolide, fluoroquinolone ? ?? (??
??) - ?? ?? ?? amoxicillin/clavulinic acid, ?? 2??
cephalosporin (cefuroxime, cefpodoxime,
cefprozil) - ???? H. influenzae? ??
- ?? cepahalosporin ???? in vitro ??? cefpodoxime
gt cefuroxime gt cefprozil gt cefixime gt cefaclor
loracarbef gt cefadroxil cephalexin
59? ???? ???? ??
- ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? fluoroquinolone
- ?? ??? amoxicillin/clavulinic acid
- 50? ??, ?? ??? fluoroquinolone
- 50? ??? Doxycycline
60????? ???? ??
- 1) ??? cephalosporin( cefotaxime,
ceftriaxone) - ??
- 2) ß-lactam/ß-lactam Inhibitor(ampicil
lin/sulbactum, piperacillin/tazobactum) - 1), 2) ? ?? plus Macrolide ??
- 2. Fluoroquinolone ??
61????? ????
- 1) ??? cephalosporin(cefotaxime, ceftriaxone)
- 2) ß-lactam/ß-lactam inhibitor(ampicillin/sulb
actum, piperacillin/tazobactum) ? ?? - Plus
- 1) macrolide or 2) fluoroquinolone ? ??
- ?? ??, ???? ?? ??????, ???? ??? ? Pseudomonas
??(piperacillin, piper/tazobactam, carbapenem,
cefepime) ? ?? fluoroquinolone - ???? ????fluoroquinolone ? clindamycin
- ??? ???? ??? coverg?? fluoroquinolone ?
clindamycin, ?? beta lactam/beta lactam
inhibitor ??
62ASSESSMENT OF RESPOSE TO INITIAL
THERAPY
- ?? ?? ?? 48-72?? ??? ?? host pathogen factor
- ??? ??? ??? ? 2-4? ??
- S. pneumoniae ?? ?? ?? ??
- ??? ?? 4? ? ??
63- ?? ??, ???
- 20 -40?? 7? ??
- ????? ???? ???
- ?? ?? ???? ?? ??
- ?? ??, ?? ?? ???
- ?? ??
64- 50? ?? ??? ???
- S. pneumoniae pneumonia 60? 4??? ??? ??
- ?? ??? bacteremic pn., COPD , alcoholism,
underlying chronic illness ? 25??? - 4?? X-ray ? ????
- ??? ??, ??????
- ??- ???
65- M. pneumoniae ?? ??
- Legionella sp. ??? ??
- ????
- ???? ??? ?? ??, ???? ??? ???
- ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??, ??? ???
66- ?? ??, ???
- 20 -40?? 7? ??
- ????? ???? ???
- ?? ?? ???? ?? ??
- ?? ??, ?? ?? ???
- ?? ??
67- 50? ?? ??? ??
- S. pneumoniae pneumonia 60? 4??? ?? ???
- ?? ??? bacteremic pn., COPD , alcoholism,
underlying chronic illness ? - 25??? 4?? ?? ???
68Not Adequate Response To Initial Therapy
- Inadequate Antimicrobial Selection
- a) resistant to the drug(s) used in the
initial empiric regimen - b) viral infection
- c) ???? sensitive ??? ??? ??
- Unusual Pathogen tbc, endemic fungal, P carinii
- Non-infectious illness
69????
- Non-resolving pneumonia
- Multi-lobar infiltration ?? ???? 55? ?? ?????? ??
?? ?? - 55? ??, ???, focal infiltration?? ??? ?? ??.
70Diagnostic bronchscopy
- Legionella sp. , anaerobic, tbc, P. carini,
fungi, mechanical obstrution, aspiration - ?? 72 ???? ??? ???? 6.5,
- ?? 72?? ??? ?? ?? 7?
- ???? 41?? ??
71???? ??
- 1. How long should therapy be continued ?
- 2. Should duration of therapy be related to
severity of initial illness? - 3. When is the safe to switch hospitalized
patients from parenteral therapy ?
72???? ??
- 4. Will newer diagnostic methods improve our
ability to define the etiologic pathogens of
community acquired pnuemonia? - 5. What pathogens are responsible for pneumonia
when no organism is identified, even with
extensive diagnostic testing?
73??? ??
- 80???? ??? ??
- ?? ????? 70? ??
- ????? ??
74??? ?? ??? ??
- ???? ??
- ???? ?? 20 ?? ?? ? ??
- ????? ?? ?? ??
- ??? ???? ??
- ????, ?????, ????, ??, ???, ?? ??, ?? ?? ???,
????, ???? ???? ?? ? ???? ???? ?? ?? - ?? ?? ??
75??? ?? ????
- ?? X-? ??? ??? 25?? ???? ???? ??
- 25? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???
76??? ?? X-? ??? ??
- ???? ?? ?? ?? ??, ??? ?? ??? ????? ??
- ???? ?? ??? ??? ??
- ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??
77?? ? ??? ?? ???
- Streptoccus pneumoniae 40 - 60
- Hemophilus influenzae 2.5 - 20
- Gram negative rod 6 - 37
- Staphylococcus aureus 2 - 10
- Anaerobes ?
- Legionella pneumophila 0 - 22.5
78- Initial Rad. Residual
- Radiol. Clear Rad. Abn
- Deterior. (month)
- S. pneumoniae
- Bacteremic Majority 3-5 25 - 35
- Nonbacteremic Occ. 1-3 Rare
- Group B strep. Common 1-3 Common
- S. aureus Majority 3-5 Common
- H. influenzae Occ. 1-5 Occ.
79 ?? ?? ??
- ????? 6-20? ??
- ?? 4? ?? ??
- S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis
- 4? ??
- K. pneumoniae ? Enterobacteriaceae,
Acinetobacter species, P. aeruginosa ? ??? ????
??? 45 - 75
80- Initial Rad. Residual
- Radiol. Clear Rad. Abn
- Deterior. (month)
- Legionella Majority 3-5 25
- TWAR(chlamydia) Rare 1-3 Occ.
- M. catharrhalis Rare 1-3 Unusual
- Gram negative Occ. 3-5 10 -20
- Viral Variable dep. Variable Occ. on
org. fibrosis - But confused by underlying cancer, COPD,
CHF
81Antibiotic Issues Affecting Pneumonia Resolution
- Persistence of organism
- Unrecognized resistance at the start
- Resistance during therapy
- Superinfection(compl. of prior ABT.)
- Persistence or reinfection Inadeq. ABT.,
Inadeq. delivery(poor penetration)
82- Too low dose
- Wrong drug No identified pathogen,
- Unusual organisms(tbc, fungi)
- Antibiotic complcations
- Excessive cytokine release during therapy
- Antibiotic-induced fever
- Antibiotic-induced colitis
83Factors of Prolonged Course
- Host Defence Impairment
- Immune def., Cystic fibrosis, Ciliary dys.
- Co-morbidity
- CHF, Stroke, COPD, Renal dis.
- Atypical presentation
- Delayed recognition
84- Delay in initiation of therapy
- Compounding diagnoses
- Heart failure, COPD, Cancer
- Virulent organisms
- S. aureus, G(-) rods,
- Encapsuated H. influenzae, Legionella
85???? ???? ??? ?? ??
- Burkholdaria (Pseudomonas) cepacia
- Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia
- Acinetobacter baumannii (Acinetobacter
calcoaceticus)
86- ?? ?? ??
- P. aeruginosa
- S. aureus P. aeruginosa? 1/3
- ?? ?? ?? ???? ???
- Legionella ?? ?? ??
- ??? ?? ???? ??
87???? ??? ??
- ????? ?? ?? ??
- ???? ?? ??
- ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ?
- ??? ?? ?? ?? ???
- ?? ?? ???
88??? ???? ???? ???
- AIDS ?? ????? 50 ?? ??
- AIDS ??? 60-90
- P. carinii, CMV, M. avium-intracellulare ? ??
- ???
- ?? ??
- Impression smear ?? ??
- ??
89Bronchoalveolar lavage BAL
- 2? ?? ?? ???? AIDS Pneumocystis ?? ?? ??? 90 ??,
??? ?? ?? - AIDS?? BAL? ???? 50
- ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? CMV ?? ??
2/3 ??
90- ?? ?? ???? ??? 6-24? ?? ?? ?? ??
- P. carinii ???? ??? CMV? ??
- P. carinii ???? ??? lt BAL
- ??? ???? ??? gt BAL
91BAL in AIDS vs.Transplant
- AIDS
- P. carinii, Cryptococcus 90 ??
- ?? ??
- P. carinii 70-80
- Cryptococcus 10-40
- BAL ???? TBLB
92?? ??? ?? ??
- Protected specimen brushing(PSB) 103 CFU/ml
- BAL 104 CFU/ml
- Protected-catheter BAL
- Quantitative endotracheal aspirate 105 CFU/ml
93PSB
- ??? ?? ??? 80, ??? 90
- ?? ?? ?? ??
- ??? ???, ?? ?? 48??? ??
- 10 ???
- 102 CFU/ml? ??? ??
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95BAL
- 105 CFU/ml ???? ??? ??
- ?? ??? 104 CFU/ml ?? ???? ?? ???
- 105 CFU/ml ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??
- 104 CFU/ml ?? ?? ??
- 104-105 CFU/ml ?
96???? ????
-
- ?? ?? ?? ???
- 105 CFU/ml ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??
- ??? ?? ?? ? 104 CFU/ml ??
- ??? ??, ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??
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