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Historical Development of Physical Education Curriculum

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Title: Historical Development of Physical Education Curriculum


1
Historical Development of Physical Education
Curriculum
  • KIN 125

2
www.starkcenter.org
3
Bernarr MacfaddenAugust 16, 1868-October 12, 1955
  • http//www.bernarrmacfadden.com/macfadden6.html
  • http//www.bernarrmacfadden.com/macfadden4.html

4
Study of History
  • Influence of individuals
  • Innovations
  • Institutions
  • Impact of Social Forces

5
Social Forces
  • Religious Influences
  • Immigration
  • Philanthropy
  • Urbanization
  • Industrialization
  • Educational Movements
  • Technological Developments

6
Religious InfluencesColonial America
  • Puritans New England Colonies
  • Anglican Middle Colonies

7
Immigration
  • German Turners
  • Settled in Midwest America during the 1840s
  • Introduction of German gymnastics in school
    systems

8
Philanthropy
  • Mary Hemenway in Boston
  • Introduction of Swedish System

9
Urbanization
  • Health Problems associated with demographic
    changes
  • Increase demand for recreation
  • Promotion of sport for entertainment
  • Need for social health concerns

10
Industrialization
  • Modifications in labor conditions
  • Consumerism

11
Educational Movements
  • Development of European models in America
  • Harvard and Yale modeled after Oxford and
    Cambridge
  • Round Hill School Northampton, Mass.

12
Technological Developments
  • Mass Media
  • Developments in transportation and communication
  • Mass production of consumer goods

13
The Beginning of Physical Education
Johann Bernhard Basedow 1723-1790 First to
recognize the importance of exercise Required a
specific uniform for his students to allow
unrestricted movement Offered a camp for 2
months during the summer for the children
14
Curriculum Development 19th Century
  • Beck, Follen, and Lieber
  • German Gymnastics
  • Friedrich Ludwig Jahn Father of Gymnastics
  • 1848 Friedrich Hecker in Cincinnati
  • Large Muscle development

15
A Teacher Is Born
Charles Beck 1798-1866 ?Friend and follower of
Jahn ?Was hired to teach Latin and Physical
Education in the form of German
gymnastics ?Became the first official Physical
Education teacher in America
16
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17
From  Gymnastik für die Jugend (1793) by
GutsMuthsFrom  Gymnastik für die Jugend (1793)
by GutsMuthsGymnastik für die Jugend (1793) by
GutsMuths
18
Turnplatz
19
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20
Swedish Gymnastics
  • Father of Swedish gymnastics Per Henrik Ling
  • Introduced in Boston through philanthropic
    efforts of Mary Hemenway
  • Baron Nils Posse Training Institute
  • Alternative to German gymnastics
  • Light gymnastics with therapeutic emphasis

21
Per Henrik Ling
  • Father of Swedish gymnastics

22
Lewis System
  • Dio Lewis, M.D.
  • Medical gymnastics (new gymnastics)
  • First physical education teacher training
    institute 1861 in Boston

23
Promoting Physical Education
Diocletian (Dio) Lewis 1823-1866 ? Did more to
promote physical education than any other single
individual ? Wanted the feeble, old, fat, frail
and women to have a system they could use ?
Opened the Normal Institute of Physical Education
in Boston ? Invented bean bags and wooden
dumbells ? Also used music to enhance his
exercises For More Information go
to http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian_Lewis
24
Beecher System
  • Catherine Beecher of famous Beecher family
  • Developed calisthenics for females
  • Two female schools Cincinnati and Hartford
  • Called for the importance of physical activity
    for females

25
Hitchcock System
  • Edward Hitchcock, M.D. hired as the first
    physical educator to have professorial rank, in
    1861. He had the status of Assistant Professor of
    Physical Training and Hygiene at Amherst College
  • Development of anthropometrics
  • Group calisthenics accompanied to music

26
Sargent System
  • Dudley Sargent, M.D., hired in 1879 as Assistant
    Professor of Physical Training and Director of
    Hemenway Gymnasium, Harvard University
  • Anthropometrics
  • Individual Exercise program
  • Over 90 patents for exercise machines

27
The Exercise Machine
Dudley Allen Sargent 1840-1924 ? Invented over
80 machines, using pulleys weights ?
Contributed to anthropometric measurements - He
took these measurements and compared them with
standards at a given age, whereupon a series of
prescribed exercises was given to meet the
demands of each particular case
28
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29
Growth of Intercollegiate Sport
  • Began as class rivalries in the 1820s
  • Developed into club teams in the 1840s
  • First Intercollegiate contest in 1852 rowing
    match between Harvard and Yale
  • First Intercollegiate football contest occurred
    in 1869 between Rutgers and Princeton

30
Intercollegiate Growth (cont.)
  • International collegiate match in 1869 between
    Harvard and Oxford on the Thames River
  • Football is modified in 1874
  • By 1880s attendance of over 40,000 spectators
    during national championship
  • President Roosevelt convenes White House meeting
    in 1905

31
Interschool Athletics
  • Popularization of school sports in the early
    1900s
  • Organization of state associations in the 1920s

32
Recreation
  • Urban recreation programs as early as 1827 Boston
    opens the first municipal recreation center
  • 1820s boating clubs in Boston
  • 1842 New York Knickerbockers
  • 1845 Alexander Joy Cartwright codifies baseball
    rules
  • Amateur baseball clubs throughout the north east

33
20th Century
  • In 1910 Clark Hetherington introduces the new
    physical education (see pp.40-41 231-232)
  • Broadens the view that neuromuscular activities
    in the form of play leads to character
    development
  • The view that physical education activities
    contribute to the goals of education

34
20th cent. Cont.
  • Philosophical view of Education Through the
    Physical. Espoused that physical education
    contributed to social and moral development.
  • Jesse Feiring Williams
  • Jay Nash
  • Thomas Wood
  • Luther Gulick YMCA triangle

35
Two Philosophical Views
  • Education of the Physical the importance of
    training the physical as a goal in and of itself.
  • Education through the Physical utilization of
    sports and games to develop behavioral goals such
    as social and moral development.
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