More Complex Invertebrate Animals

1
More Complex Invertebrate Animals

• Mollusks
• Annelids
• Arthropods
• Echinoderms

2
I. Mollusks

• Snails, slugs, conch,
• Mussels, clams, scallops
• Squid, octopus, chambered nautilus, cuttlefish

3

• I. Characteristics of Mollusks
• 2nd largest animal phylum
• Arthropoda largest
• from Latin molluscus, which means soft.
• Many have soft bodies
• some have a hard shell.

4
Wide variety of organisms in this phylum

• Feeding- Some are sedentary filter feeders while
  others are fast-moving predators.
• Nervous system Some are simple some are
  intelligent
• Circulatory system Gastropoda Bivalves have
  open while Cephalopoda has a closed system.

5
Body Cavity

• Mollusks are true coelmates.
• Have a body cavity completely lined by mesoderm
  tissue layer.

6
Mollusk Classes

• Gastropoda
• (snails, slugs, albalone, conch)
• Bivalvia
• (clams, oysters, scallops)
• 3. Cephalopoda
• (octopuses, squid, cuttlefish, chambered
  nautiluses)

www.linsdomain.com
www.mcaorals.co.uk
www.iptek.net.id
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1. Class Gastropoda

• The largest most diverse class of mollusks
• Most have a single shell.
• including snails, abalones, limpets and conchs.
• Slugs have no shell.
• Open circulatory system in which a heart pumps
  hemolymph from gills or lungs into the hemocoel
  (body cavity)

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Mollusk Gastropod Body Plan

• Divided into 2 main parts
• Visceral mass
• which contains the heart and the organs of
  digestion, excretion, and reproduction
• Head-foot, which consists of
• the head, contains the mouth with Radula-
• a tongue like feeding adaptation with tiny teeth
  that point backwards) and sensory structures
• the foot, a large, muscular organ for locomotion
• Other parts
• Coelom -limited to space around heart.
• Mantle -a layer of epidermis that covers the
  visceral mass. (secretes the shell)

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Gastropod body
10
Mollusk class Gastropoda, snails
static.blogr.com
11
Phylum MolluskClass GastropodaAnimal Common
garden slug
12
Conch shell
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conch
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2. Class Bivalvia

• Aquatic mollusks (clams, oysters, scallops)
• Shell is divided into two valves connected by a
  hinge.
• Most are sessile filter feeders.
• Bivalves lack a distinct head

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• Clams
• The mantle cavity of a clam is sealed except for
  a pair of hollow, fleshy tubes called siphons.
• Water enters through the incurrent siphon.
• Water leaves through the excurrent siphon.
• Other Bivalves
• Oysters attach to a hard surface
• Scallops can move through the water by repeatedly
  opening their valves and snapping them shut.

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3. Class Cephalopoda

• Means head-foot.
• Free-swimming predators
• Have tentacles beaklike jaws on the head.
• Also- Have a closed circulatory system.

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• Squids
• 10 tentacles.
• Propels by pumping jets of water with the mantle
  through an excurrent siphon.
• Octopuses
• 8 tentacles
• They often crawl along the ocean bottom or lie in
  wait for prey.
• Chambered Nautiluses
• The only existing cephalopod with external shell.
• Shell is coiled divided into chambers.
• The body is confined to the outermost chamber.

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Caribbean reef squid (Venezuela)
Displays an aggressive zebra pattern to ward off
other males competing for nearby females. This
vivid species can display about three dozen
different color patterns. (National Geographic)
18
In a cloud of greenish ink, a jumbo squid flees!
National geographic
If all their dazzling color changes fail to deter
a predator, squid use ink as a backup defense
that helps them fade from view. Mexican
fishermen catch some 100,000 tons (90,000 metric
tons) of jumbos a year
19
Huge eye of the world's largest squid

• About 11 inches
• across, researchers
• believe the colossal
• squid's eye is the
• biggest animal eye
• ever found.
• The 10m-long (34ft)
• specimen has also
• turned out to be female.
• Very little is known about colossal squid only
  about 10 have ever been caught and brought to
  shore.

www.enricobaccarini.com/.../eyesquid.htm
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The giant squid

• remains largely a mystery to scientists despite
  being the biggest invertebrate on Earth.
• largest of these elusive giants ever found
  measured 59 feet (18 meters) in length and
  weighed nearly a ton (900 kg).

21
Small Squid (Calamari)Kalamarakia (discovergreek
food.com)
22
Caribbean reef octopus hunting, making a balloon
and scaring little fish out from under rocks to
become dinner. Octopus briareus
dive.scubadiving.com
23
An octopus swimming an octopus moving between
tide pools
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus
24

• But Octopus are tasty too!!!

25
Charred Octopus With Garlic, Chilli, Lemon And
Olive Oil
au.lifestyle.yahoo.com
26
GRILLED BABY OCTOPUS WITH WATERCRESS SALAD
ORANGESA recipe by Chef Doug DAvico
www.italian-food-lovers.com
27
A chambered Nautilus
www.math.tamu.edu
28
The Chambered Nautilus In which
nature flawlessly executes constant mathematical
form (Its a physics thing) http//en.wikipedia.or
g/wiki/Anthropic_principle.
(Photo by John Lienhard)
http//www.uh.edu/engines/chamberednautilusform.jp
g
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Very Intelligent invertebrates

• Nervous system is very advanced.
• EXAMPLES
• Dexterity, tool use and manipulation. Suction
  cups arms are as efficient as humans hand.
• Can learn through observation (choose colored
  balls)
• Can Hide act like sea weed,
• Assess their prey.
• Complete remember mazes patterns

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod_intelligen
ce , http//www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86
/cephpod.html
30
Many Cephalopods use pigments to hide disguise
themselves.
Blue-ringed octopus (size of a plum) this beak
packs a deadly poison that'll kill a human in
about 15 minutes.
31
Octopuses have blue blood

• Octopuses have three hearts.
• Its blood has copper-rich protein (blue)
  hemocyanin for transporting oxygen.
• Although less efficient under normal conditions
  than the iron-rich hemoglobin of vertebrates, in
  cold conditions with low oxygen pressure,
  hemocyanin oxygen transportation is more
  efficient than hemoglobin oxygen transportation.
• The hemocyanin is dissolved in the plasma instead
  of being bound in red blood cells and gives the
  blood a blue color.

32
Octopuses short life expectancy

• some live for as little as six months. Larger
  species, such as the North Pacific Giant Octopus,
  may live for up to five years
• However, reproduction is a cause of death
• males can only live for a few months after mating
  
• females die shortly after their eggs hatch.
• They neglect to eat during the (roughly) one
  month period spent taking care of their unhatched
  eggs, but they don't die of starvation.
• Endocrine secretions from the two optic glands
  are the cause of genetically-programmed death

33
Links

• http//video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/a
  nimals/invertebrates-animals/octopus-and-squid/
• http//ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0408/feature
  2/zoom1.html

34
Phylum Annelida Segmented worms

• Earthworm
• Bristle worms
• Leeches

35
Segmented worms Annelids

• Annelids means little rings (many body segments).
• True coelom animals have a body cavity that is
  divided into separate compartments by partitions.
• Other terms
• Most have external bristles called setae
• Some have fleshy protrusions called parapodia

36
Class Oligochaeta

• Live in the soil or in fresh water
• Most familiar is the earthworm.
• Structure and Movement
• An earthworms body has over 100 nearly-identical
  segments.
• Circular and longitudinal muscles line the
  interior body wall.
• Locomotion is made possible by segmentation.

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Earthworms
www.separationsnow.com
38
Earthworms Feeding /Digestion

• Ingest soil as they burrow through it.
• Soil is moved through these structures
• mouth
• pharynx
• esophagus
• crop
• gizzard
• intestine
• anus
• Earthworms play an important role in the
  condition of soil.

39

• Closed circulatory system.
• Contractions of the aortic arches and the dorsal
  blood vessel force blood through the vessels of
  the body
• Respiration and Excretion
• Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse through moist
  skin,
• Cellular wastes and excess water are excreted
  through nephridia.
• Neural Control
• Consists of a chain of ganglia connected by a
  ventral nerve cord.
• Sensory structures are found in all segments but
  are concentrated at the anterior end.

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• Reproduction
• Earthworms are hermaphrodites, but an individual
  worm cannot fertilize its own eggs.
• During mating, earthworms press their ventral
  surfaces together.
• Held together by their setae and by a film of
  mucus secreted by each worms clitellum.
• Fertilization occurs inside the tube, which forms
  a protective case for the young worms.

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Earthworms reproducing
http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thum
b/9/97/Earthworm _klitellum_copulation_beentree.jp
g/800px-Earthworm_klitellum_copulation_beentree.jp
g
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(No Transcript)
43
Earthworm diagrams
44
Earthworm links

• http//www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/worms/facts/index.htm
  l
• http//animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/inve
  rtebrates/earthworm.html

45
Class Polychaeta

• many bristles feather duster worms
• Polychaetes differ from other annelids in that
  they have antennae specialized mouthparts.
• Class Hirudinea
• Hirudinea is the smallest class, consisting of
  about 500 species of leeches.
• Leeches -have no setae or parapodia.
• Many leeches are carnivores but some are
  parasites that suck blood from other animals.

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Haemophagic Leeches

• Attach to their hosts remain until they become
  full they fall off to digest.
• Bodies are 34 segments.
• Have an anterior (oral) sucker formed from the
  first six segments of their body, used to connect
  to a host for feeding and releases an
  anaesthetic to remain unnoticed by the host.
• Use a combination of mucus and suction to stay
  attached and secrete an anti-clotting enzyme into
  the host's blood stream.
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leech

47
Leeches
www.fcps.edu
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leech
48
Famous Film Moment for leeches Humphrey Bogart
in The African Queen
http//img.metro.co.uk/i/pix/2008/07/Bogart180708_
450x302.jpg
49
How to Remove and Treat Leech Bites
Find the skinny end the head end and use your
finger or fingernail to push it sideways off the
bite point." - Authority Mark Siddall in the
NOVA Science Internet site. You should avoid
"remedies" such as simply pulling the leech from
its moorings plying it with salt, insect
repellent, shampoo or vinegar or heating it with
a smoldering match, grass stem or cigarette.
These techniques might cause the leech to
discharge the contents of its gut, including
bacteria, into the bite.  This might cause
complications such as localized infection or even
blood poisoning.
www.desertusa.com/mag08/sept08/leeches.html
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Leeches and a History of Medicinewww.leeches.biz/
medicine-leech.htm

• For over 4000 years, the leech has been a
  familiar remedy, with Greek and Roman physicians
  praising the application of this clever
  invertebrate. 

51
In the 19th century leeches

• were enjoying a golden age.
• Millions were raised for medical use as their
  fame as a cure-all ensued.
• The mid 1800s saw their constant use for local
  bloodletting. Druggists administered thousands of
  leeches to patients with anything from gumboils
  to facial discoloration.
• They were also put inside the mouth.

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Leeches Today

• are bred in captivity in many institutions.
• Leeches have found new fame in microsurgery,
  where doctors require the precision of the leech
  to drain congested blood from wounded sites.
• Plastic surgeons are particularly grateful for
  the contribution made by the leech, due to their
  use in the treatment of difficult grafts and
  reconstructive surgery.

53
III. Arthropods Insects

• The real rulers of the Earth

Sources used include textbook, (Holt Modern
Biology) http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda
/arthropoda.html
http//evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_
0_0/arthropods_intro_01
54
More than 83 of all animal species are
arthropods.

• That's about 160 million insects for each person
  on Earth.
• Have evolved to fill a variety of ecological
  niches from tiny internal parasite to giant
  bird-eating predator.

55

• Arthropods are a lot more than just delicious
  feasts and disgusting pests

56
5 Characteristics of all Arthropods
57
Segmented Body

• Each segment repeats the same set of structures
  (ie, a pair of legs, a set of breathing organs,
  a set of nerves),
• sets of segments are grouped into a larger unit,
  such as the abdomen cephalothorax.

58
Hard Exoskeleton

• Made of protein Chitin (a polysaccharide)
• Must molt many times as grows
• Enzymes digest the layer of exoskeleton inside
  soften then shed. It takes a few days for the
  newly excreted exoskeleton to harden.

59
Jointed Legs

• All arthropods (arthro joint, pod foot) have
  jointed limbs.
• How can an animal with a rigid body covering move
  its legs?
• The exoskeleton is hard, but at the joints it is
  softer bendable, (allowing movement in same way
  a suit of armor does).

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Many pairs of limbs

• Tagma- are specialized segments

61
The five major subphyla of the phylum Arthropoda.
62

• Arthropods usually divided into 5 subphyla based
  on
• differences in development
• in the structure of appendages, such as
  mouthparts.

63
1. Trilobites

• Extinct
• Many body appendages with one pair of appendages
  per segment
• Trilobites, living in shallow seas, flourished as
  swimmers, crawlers and burrowers for some 350
  million years.
• Fossils found on all continents, entrapped in the
  hardened sediments of Ancient Seas.

http//www.trilobite.com/
64
2. Subphylum Myriapoda

• Meansmany feet
• One pair of branched antennae
• Many body segments
• Includes classes
• Diplopoda (millipedes)
• Up to 100 body segments
• 2 pairs of legs on each segment
• Chilopoda (centipedes)
• In tropical regions can reach 12 inches long
• From 15 to 175 pairs of legs

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3. Subphylum Crustacea

• about 38,000 known species.
• Terrestrial Marine
• so diverse their single defining characteristic
  is having two pairs of antennae.
• Most also have
• a pair of mandibles
• a pair of appendages on
• each body segment
• some branched appendages
• 16 to 20 segments
• several tagmata

http//copepodes.obs-banyuls.fr/images/NAUPLIUS.jp
g
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a. Terrestrial Crustaceans

• Sow bugs and pill bugs are terrestrial isopods.
• They lack adaptations for conserving water and
  live only in moist environments.
• They generally feed on decaying vegetation.
• Pill bugs roll into a ball when disturbed or
  threatened.

67
b. Aquatic Crustaceans (many species)

• Copepods -important part of the oceans plankton.
  
• In freshwater, much of the plankton are water
  fleas such as Daphnia species.
• Barnacles are sessile as adults.
• Free-swimming barnacle larvae attach to surfaces
  and develop a shell that encloses the body.
• Barnacles use their cirri (singular, cirrus) to
  sweep food.

www.divediscover.whoi.edu
www.microscopyu.com
www.ryanphotographic.com
68
Types of barnacleshttp//www.marinebio.net/marine
science/03ecology/tphi.htm
Balanus Barnacle with legs out, filter feeding
on plankton
Gooseneck Barnacles
69
More aquatic crustaceans

• Order Decapoda -means10 feet
• Decapods have five pairs of legs
• Crayfish, lobsters, crabs, and shrimp are
  decapods
• Respiration through gills
• (see more about crayfish in handout know parts
  for dissection lab)

70
4. Subphylum Chelicerata

• Defined by presence of chelicerae
• The first pair of appendages
• Modified into pincer or fangs
• Class Arachnid- spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks
• Some important Parts
• Chelicerae ( in spiders fangs to inject poison)
• Pedipalps (hold food)
• 8 simple eyes at anterior of cephalothorax (NOT
  compound eyes!)
• Spinnerets- 3 pairs on tip of abdomen, for making
  silk
• Book lungs- like folds in a book lots of surface
  area for gas exchange (some spiders use Tracheae
  for respiration instead)
• Malpighian Tubes- excretory tubes collect wastes,
  liquids. The liquid is reabsorbed (to conserve
  water) waste is nearly solid.

71
Spiders-A full facial view of any spider shows
its killing ability.

• Two powerful chelicerae, protrude down
• Each chelicera bears a hinged fang.
• Both fangs have ducts that lead up to the venom
  glands within the head.
• Spiders fall into two groups, each being
  classified upon how they strike their prey.
• The fangs of Tarantulas are so hinged that they
  articulate in a front-to-back motion allowing
  them to strike their prey from above.
• Most other spiders have fangs that are hinged
  laterally, providing a left-to-right strike.

www.microscopix.co.uk/spiders/fangs/index.htm
72
Spider Chelicerae
Fangs and Chelicerae of Tarantula
SpiderlingBrachypelma smithi(Mexican Red-Knee
Tarantula)
Fangs, Chelicerae of Zebra Jumping
SpiderSalticus scenicus
www.microscopix.co.uk/spiders/fangs/index.htm
73
Anatomy of a spider

• Mites and ticks differ from spiders because
  they
• have a fused cephalothorax and abdomen.

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Life of a Spider

• Spiders feed on insects and other small animals.
  Many species are adapted to capture certain prey.
• Spiders rarely harm humans, but two species in
  the United States are dangerous
• the black widow
• the brown recluse
• A male spider is usually smaller than the female.
  
• Females lay eggs in a silken case.

75
Brown recluse
http//www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/pictures22/derm
atlas/loxosceles_1_020724.jpg
http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99
/Brown_recluse_spider,_Loxosceles_reclusa.jpg
76
Black widow spider
http//www.spidy.goliathus.com/img/BlackWidowSpide
r.jpg
77
Daddy long legs

• Pholcus phalangioides a real spider
  Harvestmen (Phalangium opili)
• Harvestmen are different from spiders
• - in harvestmen the two main body sections (the
  abdomen with ten segments and cephalothorax) are
  nearly joined, so that they appear to be one oval
  structure
• they also have no venom or silk glands.
• Mouth is different so that ingestion is not
  restricted to liquid, but chunks of food can be
  taken in.
• They have a single pair of eyes in the middle of
  their heads

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiliones
78
Daddy long legs urban legend

• Claims are that the harvestman is the most
  venomous animal in the world, but its fangs are
  too small to bite a human and therefore is not
  dangerous.
• This is untrue on several counts.
• None of the known species have venom glands or
  fangs
• The size of its mouth varies by species, but
  even those with relatively large jaws hardly ever
  bite humans or other large creatures, even in
  self-defense.
• The few known cases of actual bites did not
  involve envenomation, and had no lasting effect

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiliones
79
Giant sea spider- new finds in Antarctica

• Video link http//news.nationalgeographic.com/new
  s/2008/02/080219-spider-video-ap.html

http//www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid9218
80
Camel spider Urban legend

• Comments NOT TRUE!!
• This scary-looking creature (actually, it's a
  pair of scary-looking creatures dangling
  end-to-end) is indeed commonly called a camel
  spider, but in fact it is neither a spider,
  strictly speaking (entomologists call it a
  solifugid), nor is it found only in the Middle
  East. Camel spiders reside in arid locales all
  over the world, including the southwestern United
  States.
• A typical specimen can grow to about the size of
  a child's hand, but, though they are known for
  being vicious predators, camel spiders are
  neither venomous nor a threat to human beings.
• For the record, they don't eat camels, either.

81
Common house spiders
Excellent site to look up spiders!!

• http//www.spiderzrule.com/wind.htm
• http//www.spiderzrule.com/commonspidersusa.htm

82
5. Subphylum Hexapoda

• Class Insecta
• By many standards- the most successful group of
  animals on earth.
• Entomology- the study of insects terrestrial
  arthropods.
• Body of an insect is divided into 3
  tagmata
• Head
• Thorax
• Abdomen

83
bugs

• Because they dominate all terrestrial
  environments that support human life, insects are
  usually our most important competitors for food,
  fiber, and other natural resources.

84
Grasshopper

• Example organism
• Please note parts for dissection lab,.

85
The crayfish- next 4 pages are notes for
dissection lab

• an abundant freshwater crustacean that is
  structurally similar to lobsters, which are
  marine crustaceans.
• Crayfish, lobsters, crabs, and shrimp are
  decapods, or members of the order Decapoda.
  Decapoda means 10 feet.
• Decapods have five pairs of legs that are used
  for locomotion.

86
External Structure

• The crayfishs body is divided into
• the cephalothorax, which is covered by the
  carapace and is divided into
• the head, which has five segments
• the thorax, which has eight segments
• the abdomen, which is is divided into six
  segments
• A pair of appendages is attached to each segment
  of the crayfish. Several pairs have specialized
  functions.
• These appendages include
• Antennae
• Antennules
• Mandibles
• Maxillae
• Maxillipeds
• Chelipeds
• Walking legs
• Swimmerets

87
Crayfish -Parts for lab
88

• Excretion
• Green glands assist in excretion of excess water
  that enters the body by osmosis.
• Digestion
• Digestive gland near the stomach secretes enzymes
  for digestion.
• Respiration
• gills.
• Circulation
• open.
• Nervous Sensory Organs
• Many small sensory hairs. (sense water vibrations
  chemicals) Compound eyes are set on two stalks.

89
Insects

• Entomologists classify insects into more than 25
  orders based on characteristics such as
• structure of mouthparts
• number of wings
• type of development

• Factors responsible for their success include
• ability to fly -exoskeleton
• jointed appendages -small size
• large numbers offspring -short life span

90
(No Transcript)
91
Just how dominant are insects?
92
Comparison of 2 of the 5 groups of Arthropods
93
Insects as Food

• Insects are an important source of nutrition in
  many parts of the world
• In Mexico, dried grasshoppers are sold in village
  markets.  High in protein and low in fat, they
  may be fried or ground into meal and mixed with
  flour to make tortillas. 
• Sago grubs, the larvae of a wood-boring beetle,
  are considered a delicacy in Papua New Guinea. 
  The islanders boil the larvae or roast them over
  an open fire. 
• Ants, bees, termites, caterpillars, water bugs,
  beetle larvae, flies, crickets, katydids,
  cicadas, and dragonfly nymphs are among a long
  list of edible insects that provide nutrition for
  the people of Australia, Africa, South America,
  the Middle East, and China. 
• Americans and western Europeans
• appear to be unique in having a strong
• cultural taboo against insects as food.
• Silkworm pupae forhuman food inThailand

• http//www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text01/inde
  x.html

94
A Recipe for Maggot Crispies

• 1/4 cup margarine4 cups small marshmallows3
  cups crispy cereal3 cups dry roasted maggots or
  mealwormsIn a saucepan, melt margarine and
  marshmallows. Remove from heat and stir in cereal
  and maggots. Spread mixture in a 9x13 greased pan
  and allow to cool.

95
Insect body is divided into three tagmata

• Head -has mandibles and one pair of unbranched
  antennae.
• Thorax -has three pairs of jointed legs and, in
  many species, one or two pairs of wings.
• Abdomen -has 9 to 11 segments but neither wings
  nor legs in adults.

96
Humans insects

• Used for consumer products too
• Example cochineal
• Today, the textile industry has largely replaced
  cochineal with less expensive aniline dyes, but
  it is still used as a coloring agent in foods,
  beverages, cosmetics (especially lipsticks), and
  art products.

http//www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text01/impa
ct1.html
97
Got Bugs? http//www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,4792
33,00.htmlm

• GOT WAFFLES, LIPSTICK, YOGURT OR STRAWBERRY MILK?
  HOW ABOUT CANDY, SHAMPOO AND NAIL POLISH?
• THE FDA SAYS SCATTERED ALLERGIC REACTIONS ARE THE
  BASIS FOR THE RULE CONCERNING DYE DERIVED FROM
  THE CRUSHED COCHINEAL BUG.
• UNKNOWN AND UNNOTICED BY MOST CONSUMERS, THE
  JUICE OF A TINY BEETLE FIRST USED BY 16TH CENTURY
  SPANISH EXPLORERS IS RESPONSIBLE FOR RED, PINK,
  ORANGE AND PURPLE COLORING IN HUNDREDS OF U.S.
  PRODUCTS.
• NOW, THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION HAS DECIDED
  TO MAKE FOOD AND COSMETIC MANUFACTURERS IDENTIFY
  THE BUGGY SOURCE OF CARMINE OR COCHINEAL EXTRACT,
  WHICH MAY BE IDENTIFIED ONLY AS "COLOR ADDED" IN
  A PRODUCT'S LIST OF INGREDIENTS.

98
Insects and People

• Insects negatively affect humans by
• competing for food
• transmitting diseases
• destroying buildings other manufactured
  products
• Insects benefit humans by
• serving as food for other animals
• pollinating flowers
• making valuable products such as honey
• recycling nutrients in ecosystems

99
External Anatomy Grasshopper
100
Internal Anatomy Grasshopper
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Grasshopper body- three tagmata

• The head
• mouthparts -labrum labium are mouthparts that
  function like upper and lower lips, respectively.
• a pair of unbranched antennae
• pairs of simple and compound eyes.
• The thorax is composed of
• Prothorax
• Mesothorax
• Metathorax
• The abdomen has upper and lower plates

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Insect mouthparts
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Circulation, Respiration, Excretion

• Insects have an open circulatory system that
  transports nutrients through the body.
• Gas exchange occurs by means of air-filled
  tracheae that reach deep into the body.
• Malpighian tubules remove cellular wastes from
  the hemolymph while conserving water.

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Nervous system

• The grasshoppers central nervous system consists
  of a brain and a ventral nerve cord with ganglia
  located in each body segment.
• Nerves extend from the brain to sensory
  structures.
• Insect sensory structures include
• simple and compound eyes
• sensory hairs on antennae and other body parts
• in some species, a sound-sensing tympanum

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Reproduction

• Grasshoppers have separate sexes,
• as do all insects.
• During mating, the male deposits sperm into the
  females seminal receptacle, where the eggs are
  fertilized internally.
• The last segment of the females abdomen forms
  the ovipositor, which she uses to lay fertilized
  eggs.

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Most insects go through metamorphosis.

• In incomplete metamorphosis, a nymph hatches from
  an egg and resembles the adult but has
  undeveloped reproductive organs and no wings. The
  nymph molts several times to become an adult.
• In complete metamorphosis, a wormlike larva
  called a caterpillar hatches from an egg and
  molts several times before becoming a pupa. The
  pupa molts to produce the adult, which resembles
  neither the larva nor the pupa.

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Incomplete vs. Complete metamorphosis
Complete metamorphosis -allows larvae and
adults of the same species to avoid competing
for space and food. -allows survival in
periods of harsh weather or scant resources.
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IV. Echinoderms

• (Last phyla of invertebrates)
• Starfish
• Sand Dollars
• sea urchins
• sea stars
• Brittle stars
• Sea cucumbers

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Echinoderms

• are all benthic (bottom-dwellers)
• endoskeleton of interlocking calcium carbonate
  plates and spines
• All true coelomates
• Nervous systems are poorly developed
• lack respiratory systems circulatory systems
  (the water-vascular system takes over some of the
  functions of these systems)

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Echinoderms

• water-vascular system of special structures that
  protrude help the echinoderm breath, move, and
  defend itself.
• tube feet
• pedicellaria
• gills
• All echinoderms have a, a set of water-filled
  canals branching from a ring canal that encircles
  the gut. The canals lead to podia, or tube feet,
  which are sucker-like appendages that the
  echinoderm can use to move, grip the substrate,
  or manipulate objects. These tube feet are
  extended and retracted by hydraulic pressure in
  the water-vascular system.

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Feeding

• Some, like many starfish, are predators
• sand dollars often feed on detritus
• crinoids are filter-feeders
• sea urchins scrape algae from rocks

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Reproduction

• External fertilization eggs and sperm are freely
  discharged into the water.
• A few sea urchins brood their eggs in special
  pouches, but most provide no parental care.
• Most echinoderms go through several planktonic
  larval stages before settling down

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