RED ALERT! The Circulatory System and the Blood

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RED ALERT!The Circulatory System and the Blood
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Blood

• Blood is a heterogeneous mixture. It is a
  COLLOID, and has four main components
• Red corpuscles (red
• blood cells)
• White corpuscles (white blood cells)
• Plasma (fluid)
• Platelets

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Red Blood Cells

• Carry Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide with the help of
  Hemoglobin
• They are produced in the bone marrow
• They live only 3-4 months and have no nucleus

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Blood Types

• Red blood cells will have proteins which stick
  out. They are called Antigens
• The opposite of antigens are Antibodies
• If an antigen meets its antibody, they clump and
  form clots, which are BAD!!

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ABO Blood Types
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Rh antigen Rhesus System

• Blood, of all types, can also have an Rh antigen
  on them and there is an antibody for it.
• If a person has this antigen, they will have a
  next to their blood type (ex A means they have
  the A and Rh antigen)
• If a person does not have this antigen, they will
  have a next to their blood type (ex A- means
  they only have the A antigen)

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Donors Recipients

• When you are looking at donors and recipients,
  you must make sure the antibodies of the
  recipient do not attack the antigens of the donor
• ONLY LOOK AT ANTIBODIES OF RECIPIENT AND ANTIGENS
  OF DONOR!!!
• The antibodies of the donor are not recognized by
  the recipients body and are destroyed
• O- is the universal donor and AB is the
  universal recipient for blood transfusions.

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Rh- ? Rh
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Plasma

• It carries Nutrients and Hormones (chemical
  messages) to the cells
• It carries Urea and Carbon dioxide away from the
  cells.
• Plasma suspends red and white blood cells so they
  can flow through the body. It also has
• - clotting factor
• - antibodies and
• - carries off solid waste.

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Platelets

• Smaller than red blood cells
• Responsible for clotting
• Link together to form scabs when in contact with
  air.

White blood cells

• They are the main defense against disease.
• No hemoglobin
• Can pass through capillary walls.

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White blood cells

• White blood cells kill bacteria and viruses
  through
• Phagocytosis eating them with help from
  antibodies
• 2) Antibodies Latch onto bacteria/viruses

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Pathogens

• Pathogens are viruses and bacteria.

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The Circulatory System

• The Circulatory System is the major
  transportation system in the body.

Pulmonary circulation carries blood that contains
carbon dioxide TO THE LUNGS, where it gets rid of
the waste and is resupplied with oxygen
Systemic circulation carries the oxygenated blood
to cells in the body and supplies them with
nutrients as well.
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Purpose

• It serves to
• 1)transport food and oxygen to the body,
• 2) Pick up waste produced for removal from the
  body,
• 3) Help regulate body temperature.

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The Heart

• This is the motor (pump) that makes the system
  work.

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Inside the Heart

• The Heart is made up of muscle tissue and has
  four main chambers
• The right atrium
• The right ventricle
• The left atrium
• And the left ventricle
• The heart also has valves to prevent backflow of
  blood

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The Human Highways

• The highways and roads of the body are
  collectively, they are called blood vessels. They
  are
• Arteries
• Veins
• 3) Capillaries.

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Arteries

• Arteries take blood away from the heart.
• Arterioles are smaller arteries.
• They have thick walls and contain a layer of
  muscle.
• Blood pumped from the heart is under high
  pressure, so it produces small bulges along the
  artery.

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Veins

• They carry blood to the heart.
• Venules are smaller veins
• They have a thinner muscular layer with lower
  blood pressure.
• Surrounding muscles help blood to flow though
  veins
• They also contain backflow valves.

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Capillaries

• Link Arterioles to Venules
• Have thin walls so gas exchange can happen.

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Blood Circulation

• Right Atrium ? Right Ventricle ? Pulmonary Artery
  ?Arterioles? Pulmonary capillaries ? blood gets
  oxygenated ? Venules? Pulmonary Veins ? Left
  Atrium ? Left Ventricle
• Left ventricle ? Aorta ? Arterioles ? BODYs
  capillaries ?Venules/Veins ? Vena Cavae (superior
  or inferior) ? Right atrium

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The walls of the left ventricle are thicker (more
muscular) than those of the right ventricle
because the left ventricle has to push blood into
the entire body, whereas the right ventricle only
has to push blood as far as the lungs. BLOOD
ALWAYS LEAVES THE VENTRICLES, GOES THROUGH THE
BODY, AND COMES BACK INTO THE ATRIUMS!!
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Blood Pressure

• Blood Pressure has two types, Systolic and
  Diastolic.
• Systolic pressure is measured when pressure
  exerted by blood on artery walls is at its
  maximum (when the ventricles in the heart
  contact)
• Diastolic pressure is measured when pressure
  exerted by blood on artery walls is at its
  minimum (when ventricles are not contracting)
• Blood pressure systolic pressure (bigger )
• diastolic
  pressure (smaller )

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REVIEW Pressure

• Mathematically, Pressure (symbol p') is the
  force per unit area applied on a surface.
• p F
• A
• F Force
• A Area
• The units are N/m2 or Pa or mm of Hg

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REVIEW What is pressure?

• Pressure is the result of molecules or atoms
  bouncing off each other and the surfaces that
  hold the fluid in.
• So what happens to pressure if we increase
  temperature?
• Hint

IT INCREASES!!
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So..

• What happens to pressure if
• You have a lot of force acting on a small area?
• High Pressure
• Same force but over a larger area?
• Lower Pressure
• Lower force acting on a huge area?
• Very Low Pressure

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Area Formula

• What general shape do you think our blood
  vessels are?
• They are Cylinders!
• Arteries have a bigger surface area so that they
  can withstand high force of heart on blood and
  pressure will be lower

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Compressible/Non-compressible Fluids

• In general fluids (gases and liquids) fit into
  two categories.
• Compressible With increased pressure, the volume
  and temperature will change (decrease).
• Non-compressible With increased pressure the
  volume and temperature will NOT change
  (decrease).
• Blood is a non-compressible fluid

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• Fluids move from high pressure to low pressure
  area.
• What if the fluid can not pass?
• The blood vessel will burst!

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Heart Health

• If blood pressure is to high, you have
  Hypertension, to low, Hypotension.
• Hypertension is usually cause by a narrowing of
  blood vessels due to cholesterol build up.