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SOCIOLOGYS THREE BIG QUESTIONS
and
THREE SMALL DUTCH QUESTIONS
Wout Ultee Interuniversity Center for Sociology
(ICS) at Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen,
Netherlands
Presentation at the Danish Institute for Social
Research Copenhagen, Denmark December 11-12, 2003
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THE OLDER POPPER SURPASSED THE DILEMMA OF THE
PRIMACY OF THEORY OR THE PRIMACY OF RESEARCH BY
STATING THAT
ANY SCIENCE, INCLUDING SOCIOLOGY,
STARTS WITH QUESTIONS WHICH ARE TENTATIVELY
ANSWERED BY THEORIES, THESE PROPOSITIONS ARE
TESTABLE AND THE MORE INFORMATION THEY CONVEY
THE BETTER AND THESE PROPOSITIONS SHOULD BE
TESTED
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THAT IS QUESTIONS INSTEAD OF TOPICS PROPOSITIONS
RATHER THAN CONCEPTS APPROACHES ARE TO ARRIVE
SOMEWHERE BY DEVELOPING INTO INFORMATIVE
PROPOSITIONS NO ILUSTRATIONS BUT TESTS
(COUNTEREXAMPLES INSTEAD OF EXAMPLES)
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MORE SOUND BITES
THE BEST QUESTIONS ARE CONTRADICTIONS BETWEEN
THEORIES AND RESEARCH FINDINGS APART FROM
THEORY-GUIDED RESEARCH THERE SHOULD BE
QUESTION-DRIVEN THEORIZING
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THE SUPPOSEDLY SORRY STATE OF SOCIOLOGY IS
SOCIOLOGY NOTHING BUT AN APPROACH, DOES IT
ADDRESS AT BEST A LONG LIST OF HETEROGENEOUS
TOPICS?
THE HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY MAKES CLEAR THAT
SOCIOLOGY ADDRESSES THREE BIG QUESTIONS
THESE BIG QUESTIONS COMPRISE AN EXPANDING ARRAY
OF SMALL SIMILAR QUESTIONS
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SOCIOLOGYS HOLY TRINITY RAISED QUESTIONS ABOUT
SOCIETIES, BUT DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS OF THEM
MARX INEQUALITY DURKHEIM COHESION WEBER RATIONA
LIZATION
THESE QUESTIONS ARE BIG ONES, THEY FORM AN ARRAY
OF SIMILAR SUBQUESTIONS
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WEBERS PROBLEM OF RATIONALIZATION
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WEBERS PROBLEM OF RATIONALIZATION
RISE OF SCIENCE
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WEBERS PROBLEM OF RATIONALIZATION
RISE OF SCIENCE
TECHNICAL ARTS
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WEBERS PROBLEM OF RATIONALIZATION
RISE OF SCIENCE
TECHNICAL ARTS
FORMAL STATE
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WEBERS PROBLEM OF RATIONALIZATION
RISE OF SCIENCE
TECHNICAL ARTS
FORMAL STATE
RISE OF CAPITALISM
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WEBERS PROBLEM OF RATIONALIZATION
RISE OF SCIENCE
TECHNICAL ARTS
FORMAL STATE
RISE OF CAPITALISM
BANK CAPITALISM
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WEBERS PROBLEM OF RATIONALIZATION
RISE OF SCIENCE
TECHNICAL ARTS
FORMAL STATE
RISE OF CAPITALISM
BANK CAPITALISM
ENTREPRENEURIAL CAPITALISM
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WEBERS PROBLEM OF RATIONALIZATION
RATIONALIZATION AS WESTERN UNIQUENESS
RISE OF SCIENCE
TECHNICAL ARTS
FORMAL STATE
RISE OF CAPITALISM
BANK CAPITALISM
ENTERPRENEURIAL CAPITALISM
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THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROBLEM OF COHESION
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THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROBLEM OF COHESION
HOBBES ON THE WAR OF ALL AGAINST ALL AND THE WAR
OF ALL RULERS AGAINST ALL RULERS
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THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROBLEM OF COHESION
HOBBESON THE WAR OF ALL AGAINST ALL AND ON THE
WAR OF ALL RULERS AGAINST ALL RULERS
LOCKE ON THE REBELLION OF SUBJECTS AGAINST RULERS

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THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROBLEM OF COHESION
HOBBES ON THE WAR OF ALL AGAINST ALL AND ON THE
WAR OF ALL RULERS AGAINST ALL RULERS
LOCKE ON THE REBELLION OF SUBJECTS AGAINST RULERS
BENTHAM ON SWIFT, SEVERE AND CERTAIN SENTENCING
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THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROBLEM OF COHESION
COHESION
HOBBES ON THE WAR OF ALL AGAINST ALL AND ON THE
WAR OF ALL RULERS AGAINST ALL RULERS
LOCKE ON THE REBELLION OF SUBJECTS AGAINST RULERS
BENTHAM ON SWIFT, SEVERE AND CERTAIN SENTENCING
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THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROBLEM OF COHESION
COHESION
HOBBES ON THE WAR OF ALL AGAINST ALL AND ON
RULERS AGAINST RULERS
LOCKE ON THE REBELLION OF SUBJECTS AGAINST RULERS
BENTHAM ON SWIFT, SEVERE AND CERTAIN SENTENCING
DURKHEIM ON SUICIDE
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ONCE MORE DURKHEIM ON COHESION
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ONCE MORE DURKHEIM ON COHESION
COHESION
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ONCE MORE DURKHEIM ON COHESION
COHESION
VIOLENCE AGAINST OTHERS
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ONCE MORE DURKHEIM ON COHESION
COHESION
VIOLENCE AGAINST OTHERS
ISOLATION / TIES
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ONCE MORE DURKHEIM ON COHESION
COHESION
VIOLENCE AGAINST OTHERS
ISOLATION / TIES
ECONOMIC TIES THROUGH THE DIVISION OF LABOUR
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ONCE MORE DURKHEIM ON COHESION
COHESION
VIOLENCE AGAINST OTHERS
ISOLATION / TIES
ECONOMIC TIES THROUGH THE DIVISION OF LABOUR
SUICIDE AS CUTTING THE LAST TIE TO SOCIETY
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ONCE MORE DURKHEIM ON COHESION
COHESION
VIOLENCE AGAINST OTHERS
ISOLATION / TIES
ECONOMIC TIES THROUGH THE DIVISION OF LABOUR
SUICIDE AS CUTTING THE LAST TIE TO SOCIETY
PARTAKING IN RELIGIOUS RITES
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ONCE MORE DURKHEIM ON COHESION
COHESION
VIOLENCE AGAINST OTHERS
ISOLATION / TIES
ECONOMIC TIES THROUGH THE DIVISION OF LABOUR
SUICIDE AS CUTTING THE LAST TIE TO SOCIETY
PARTAKING IN RELIGIOUS RITES
MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE
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THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY BEFORE MARX
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THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY BEFORE MARX
FERGUSONS UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS
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THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY BEFORE MARX
INEQUALITY
FERGUSONS UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS
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THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY BEFORE MARX
INEQUALITY
FERGUSON ON UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS
MILLAR ON LAWS STIPULATING UNEQUAL RELATIONS
BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF PERSONS
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THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY BEFORE MARX
INEQUALITY
FERGUSON ON UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS
MILLAR ON LAWS STIPULATING UNEQUAL RELATIONS
BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF PERSONS
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THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY BEFORE MARX
INEQUALITY
FERGUSON ON UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS
MILLAR ON LAWS STIPULATING UNEQUAL RELATIONS
BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF PERSONS
MEN AND WOMEN
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THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY BEFORE MARX
INEQUALITY
FERGUSON ON UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS
MILLAR ON LAWS STIPULATING UNEQUAL RELATIONS
BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF PERSONS
MEN AND WOMEN
PARENTS AND CHILDREN
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THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY BEFORE MARX
INEQUALITY
FERGUSON ON UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS
MILLAR ON LAWS STIPULATING UNEQUAL RELATIONS
BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF PERSONS
MEN AND WOMEN
PARENTS AND CHILDREN
MASTERS AND SERVANTS
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THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY BEFORE MARX
INEQUALITY
FERGUSON ON UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS
MILLAR ON LAWS STIPULATING UNEQUAL RELATIONS
BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF PERSONS
MEN AND WOMEN
PARENTS AND CHILDREN
MASTERS AND SERVANTS
RULERS AND SUBJECTS
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THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY WITH MARX
INEQUALITY
FERGUSONS UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS
MILLARS UNEQUAL LAWS
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THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY WITH MARX
INEQUALITY
FERGUSONS UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS
MILLARS UNEQUAL LAWS
MARX ON DE JURE AND DE FACTO INEQUALITY

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THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY WITH MARX
INEQUALITY
FERGUSONS UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS
MILLARS UNEQUAL LAWS
MARX ON DE JURE AND DE FACTO INEQUALITY

HUNGER WAGES
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THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY SINCE MARX
INEQUALITY
FERGUSONS UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS
MILLARS UNEQUAL LAWS
MARX ON DE JURE AND DE FACTO INEQUALITY

UNEM-PLOY-MENT AND HUNGER WAGES
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THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY SINCE MARX
INEQUALITY
FERGUSONS UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS
MILLARS UNEQUAL LAWS
MARX ON DE JURE AND DE FACTO INEQUALITY

UNEM-PLOY-MENT AND HUNGER WAGES
BERNSTEIN ON WAGES RELATIVE TO PROFITS
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THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY SINCE MARX
INEQUALITY
FERGUSONS UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS
MILLARS UNEQUAL LAWS
MARX ON DE JURE AND DE FACTO INEQUALITY

UNEM-PLOY-MENT AND HUNGER WAGES
BERNSTEIN ON WAGES RELATIVE TO PROFITS
SOMBART ON MOBILITY
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THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY SINCE MARX
INEQUALITY
FERGUSONS UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS
MILLARS UNEQUAL LAWS
WEBER ON CLOSURE
MARX ON DE JURE AND DE FACTO INEQUALITY

UNEM-PLOY-MENT AND HUNGER WAGES
BERNSTEIN ON WAGES RELATIVE TO PROFITS
SOMBART ON MOBILITY
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THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY SINCE MARX
INEQUALITY
FERGUSONS UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS
MILLARS UNEQUAL LAWS
WEBER ON CLOSURE
MARX ON DE JURE AND DE FACTO INEQUALITY

UNEM-PLOY-MENT AND HUNGER WAGES
BERNSTEIN ON WAGES RELATIVE TO PROFITS
SOMBART ON MOBILITY
CONNU-BIUM
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THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY SINCE MARX
INEQUALITY
FERGUSONS UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS
MILLARS UNEQUAL LAWS
WEBER ON CLOSURE
MARX ON DE JURE AND DE FACTO INEQUALITY

UNEM-PLOY-MENT AND HUNGER WAGES
BERNSTEIN ON WAGES RELATIVE TO PROFITS
SOMBART ON MOBILITY
CONNU-BIUM
CONVI-VIUM
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THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY SINCE MARX
INEQUALITY
FERGUSONS UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS
MILLARS UNEQUAL LAWS
WEBER ON CLOSURE
MARX ON DE JURE AND DE FACTO INEQUALITY

UNEM-PLOT-MENT AND HUNGER WAGES
BERNSTEIN ON WAGES RELATIVE TO PROFITS
SOMBART ON MOBILITY
CONNU-BIUM
CONVI-VIUM
GOLDTHORPE ON ABSOLUTE RATES
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THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY SINCE MARX
INEQUALITY
FERGUSONS UNEQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS
MILLARS UNEQUAL LAWS
WEBER ON CLOSURE
MARX ON DE JURE AND DE FACTO INEQUALITY

UNEM-PLOY-MENT AND HUNGER WAGES
BERNSTEIN ON WAGES RELATIVE TO PROFITS
SOMBART ON MOBILITY
CONNU-BIUM
CONVI-VIUM
GOLDTHORPE ON ABSOLUTE RATES
GOLDTHORPE ON RELATIVE CHANCES
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IS NOT ALL THIS QUITE STERILE?
NO! NEW SMALL QUESTIONS CAN BE ADDED AND HAVE
BEEN ADDED IN SOCIOLOGYS HISTORY
ALSO, NEW EVEN BIGGER QUESTIONS ARE POSSIBLE
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SOCIOLOGYS FOUR BIG THEORETICAL TRADITIONS CAN
BE WRITTEN AS APPROACHES THAT DEVELOPED
INTO INFORMATIVE PROPOSITIONS YIELDING TESTABLE
DERIVATIONS
HOBBESIAN UTILITARIAN INDIVIDUALISM
MARXIAN HISTORICAL MATERIALISM
DURKHEIMIAN STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
WEBERIAN INTERPRETATIVE INDIVIDUALISM
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SINCE BIG QUESTIONS TURN OUT AS NOT
TRADITION-SPECIFIC, THE NEED FOR A THEORETICAL
SYNTHESIS
MY OWN SYNTHESIS FOLLOWS LENSKI, POWER AND
PRVILEGE, 1966 AND LENSKI, HUMAN SOCIETIES, 1998
TECHNOLOGICAL-IDEOLOGICAL EVOLUTIONISM
COMPRISING A RESOURCES-HYPOTHESIS (INCLUDING
SOCIAL RESOURCES) A TECHNOLOGY-HYPOTHESIS AN
IDEOLOGY-HYPOTHESIS A NEIGBOURING-COUNTRIES
HYPOTHESIS A PAST-PERFORMANCE HYPOTHESIS
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TESTING HYPOTHESES ANSWERING VARIOUS SMALL
QUESTIONS
SIMPLE TIME SERIES FROM STATISTICS NETHERLANDS
SIMPLE COUNTRY DATA FROM THE WORLD BANK AND OTHER
SUPRANATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
STACKING COMPARABLE VARIABLES FROM VARIOUS
DATA-SETS IN NATIONAL DIGITAL ARCHIVES INTO ONE
SUPER-FILE
COMPARATIVE SURVEYS EUROBAROMETER, EUROPEAN
SOCIAL SURVEY AND WORLD VALUES SURVEY
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ADVANCED WAYS OF TESTING HYPOTHESES ANSWERING
SMALL QUESTIONS
MAYER-BLOSSFELD / MAX PLANCK BERLIN
1982 MULTI-MOMENT DATA SETS FOR
INDIVIDUALS ANALYSED BY EVENT HISTORY TECHNIQUES
NIJMEGEN-GROUP 1993, 1998, 2000, 2003
EVENT HISTORY PLUS MULTI-LEVEL TECHNIQUES APPLIED
TO
MULTI-MOMENT MULTI-ACTOR AND MULTI-CONTEXT
DATA-SETS
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DUTCH MULTI-MOMENT INDIVIDUAL DATA-SETS
EDUCATIONAL HISTORY HISTORY OF (NON)EMPLOYMENT FUL
L- AND PART-TIME JOB HISTORY OCCUPATIONAL TITLES
HISTORY HOUSING HISTORY MARRIAGES HISTORY HISTORY
OF SMOKING AGE LEAVING CHURCH LEISURE NOW AND AT
AGE 18 YEARS
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DUTCH MULTI-ACTOR DATA-SETS
SAMPLE AND INTERVIEW PRIMARY RESPONDENT INTERVIEW
SPOUSE SEND A QUESTIONNAIRE TO A PARENT SEND A
QUESTIONNAIRE TO A SIBLING SEND A QUESTIONNAIRE
TO AN ADULT CHILD
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DUTCH MULTI-CONTEXT DATA-SETS
ASCERTAIN POSTAL CODE OF PRIMARY RESPONDENT
RECODE POSTAL CODE INTO LOCAL UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
AND OTHER LOCAL CHARACTERISTICS
ASK ADDRESS EMPLOYER AND SEND QUESTIONNAIRE ASK
ADDRESS SPORT CLUB AND SEND QUESTIONNAIRE
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WHY 3M-MAC DATA-SETS?
THREE OBJECTIONS AGAINST STANDARD QUANTITATIVE
QUESTIONNAIRES ON RANDOM SAMPLES CROSS-SECTIONAL,
NO INDIVIDUAL HISTORY ISOLATED INDIVIDUALS, NO
CONTEXT ISOLATED INDIVIDUALS, NO RELATIONS
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HOW TO OVERCOME THESE OBJECTIONS WITHOUT LOOSING
ADVANTAGES OF QUANTIFICATION?
EVEN LIFE HISTORIES OBTAINED BY QUALITATIVE
INTERVIEWS CAN BE QUANTIFIED START A SNOWBALL
SAMPLE AND APPLY THE SAME QUESTIONNAIRE CONTEXTS
CAN BE MEASURED BY BRINGING IN ADMINISTRATIVE
DATA THE COLLECTION OF QUANTITATIVE DATA ON
VARIOUS TYPES OF ORGANISATIONS IS QUITE POSSIBLE
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ONE SMALL DUTCH WARM-UP QUESTION
WHY WAS SUICIDE SO HIGH IN THE NETHERLANDS IN
1940 AND 1945?
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DURKHEIMIAN STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
WHEN NATIONS ARE AT WAR, SUICIDE DROPS
EXPLAINED BY INFORMATIVE HYPOTHESIS
MORE (POLITICAL) INTEGRATION, LESS SUICIDE
AND AUXILIARY ASSUMPTION
IN TIMES OF WAR, MORE POLITICAL INTEGRATION
BUT ADMINISTRATIVE STATISTICS TELL OTHERWISE
WHY WAS DUTCH SUICIDE SO HIGH IN 1940 AND 1945?
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DURKHEIMS SYLLOGISM
IN TIMES OF WAR, LESS SUICIDE
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DURKHEIMS SYLLOGISM
-----------------------------------------------
IN TIMES OF WAR, LESS SUICIDE
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DURKHEIMS SYLLOGISM
MORE (POLITICAL) INTEGRATION, LESS SUICIDE
-----------------------------------------------
IN TIMES OF WAR, LESS SUICIDE
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DURKHEIMS SYLLOGISM
MORE (POLITICAL) INTEGRATION, LESS SUICIDE
IN TIMES OF WAR, MORE INTEGRATION
-----------------------------------------------
IN TIMES OF WAR, LESS SUICIDE
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SILLY CRITICISM BY HALBWACHS
IN DENMARK DURING WORLD WAR I, IN WHICH DENMARK
REMAINED NEUTRAL, LESS SUICIDE
WHY NOT TO THE POINT? A CONTRIDICTION OF A
DURHEIMIAN EMPIRICAL REGULARITY IS NOT A
CONTRADICTION OF A DURKHEIMIAN INFORMATIVE
HYPOTHESIS
ALTHOUGH DENMARK WAS NEUTRAL IN WORLD WAR I,
EXTERNAL THREAT MADE DANISH POLITICAL INTEGRATION
RISE
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BETTER CRITICISM SUICIDE IN THE NETHERLANDS WAS
LOW IN 1941, 1942, 1943 AND 1944, BUT HIGH IN
1940 AND 1945 RATES PER 100,000
1939 M 11.7 V 5.4 1940 15.2 8.5 1941
8.9 5.9 1942 10.7 9.3 1943 10.8 7.9 1944
8.2 6.1 1945 12.2 7.4 1946 11.6 6.7
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L. DE JONG, THE OFFICIAL HISTORY OF THE DUTCH
KINGDOM DURING WORLD WAR II MENTIONS THAT DUTCH
COLLABORATORS WITH THE GERMAN OCCUPATION KILLED
THEMSELVES IN 1945, BUT DOES NOT GIVE NUMBERS
DE JONG ALSO STATES THAT JEWS COMMITTED SUICIDE
IN MAY 1940, ADDING THAT THE NUMBERS ARE UNKNOWN
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IT SO HAPPENED THAT THE COUNTING CARD FOR
EVERY SUICIDE IN THE NETHERLANDS BETWEEN 1936 AND
1952 THAT WAS COMPLETED BY THE RESPONSIBLE
OFFICER OF JUSTICE IS STILL AVAILABLE IN THE
ARCHIVES OF STATISTICS NETHERLANDS
WE HAD THESE COUNTING CARDS DIGITALISED AND
ANALYZED THOSE DATA
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HISTORIANS HUNTED FOR NAMES OF DUTCH PERSONS WHO
COLLABORATED WITH THE GERMAN OCCUPATION AND
FOR NAMES OF GERMANS WHO COMMITTED WAR CRIMES IN
THE NETHERLANDS HISTORIANS WERE NOT INTERESTED IN
NUMBERS
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SO HOW ABOUT SUICIDE IN THE NETHERLANDS IN 1945?
THE NETHERLANDS WAS FULLY LIBERATED IN MAY
1945, WITH THE SOUTH BECOMING FREE IN SEPTEMBER
1944 THERE WAS A HUNT FOR DUTCH COLLABORATORS

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OF THE 1009 SUICIDES IN 1945, AT LEAST 88 WERE
BY POLITICAL DELINQUENTS
OF THEM 17 WERE IN MARCH 19 IN APRIL
18 IN MAY 5 POLITICAL SUICIDES IN SEPTEMBER
1944
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AND WHY HIGHER SUICIDE IN 1940?
A SIMILAR DURKHEIMIAN EXPLANATION
JEWS WERE PLACED OUTSIDE SOCIETY, CONSEQUENTLY
JEWISH SUICIDE ROSE
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HOW TO PUT THIS EXPLANATION IN A MORE GENERAL
FORM?
DURKHEIMIAN HYPOTHESIS THE HIGHER THE
INTEGRATION OF PERSONS IN A COUNTRYS POLITICS,
THE LOWER THEIR CHANCES OF SUICIDE
AND COLLABORATORS IN 1945 BECAME OUTCASTS
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ULTEES FIRST SYLLOGISM
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ULTEES FIRST SYLLOGISM
DUTCH SUICIDE RISES IN 1940
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ULTEES FIRST SYLLOGISM
--------------------------------------------------
-
DUTCH SUICIDE RISES IN 1940
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ULTEES FIRST SYLLOGISM
MORE (POLITICAL) INTEGRATION, LESS SUICIDE LESS
INTEGRATION, MORE SUICIDE
--------------------------------------------------
-
DUTCH SUICIDE RISES IN 1940
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ULTEES FIRST SYLLOGISM
MORE (POLITICAL) INTEGRATION, LESS SUICIDE LESS
INTEGRATION, MORE SUICIDE
DUTCH JEWS IN 1940 OUTSIDE POLITICS, ECONOMY,
SOCIETY
--------------------------------------------------
-
DUTCH SUICIDE RISES IN 1940
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ULTEES SECOND SYLLOGISM
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ULTEES SECOND SYLLOGISM
LESS (POLITICAL) INTEGRATION, MORE SUICIDE
DUTCH JEWS IN 1940 OUTSIDE POLITICS, ECONOMY,
SOCIETY
--------------------------------------------------
-
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ULTEES SECOND SYLLOGISM
LESS (POLITICAL) INTEGRATION, MORE SUICIDE
DUTCH JEWS IN 1940 OUTSIDE POLITICS, ECONOMY,
SOCIETY
--------------------------------------------------
-
DUTCH JEWISH SUICIDE RISES IN 1940
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BUT DID JEWISH SUICIDE ONLY RISE IN 1940?
JEWS WERE DEPORTED FROM THE NETHERLANDS IN 1942
AND 1943
DID JEWISH SUICIDE ALSO RISE IN 1942 AND 1943?
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ABSOLUTE NUMBERS OF NON-JEWISH AND JEWISH SUICIDES
JEWS NON-JEWS 1936-39 27
740 1940 257 781 1941 38
609 1942 246 633 1943 165 672
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ULTEES THIRD SYLLOGISM
LESS INTEGRATION, MORE SUICIDE
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ULTEES THIRD SYLLOGISM
LESS INTEGRATION, MORE SUICIDE
JEWS ALSO OUTSIDE SOCIETY IN 1942 AND 1943
BECAUSE OF DEPORTATIONS
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ULTEES THIRD SYLLOGISM
LESS INTEGRATION, MORE SUICIDE
JEWS ALSO OUTSIDE SOCIETY IN 1942 AND 1943
BECAUSE OF DEPORTATIONS
--------------------------------------------------
--
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ULTEES THIRD SYLLOGISM
LESS INTEGRATION, MORE SUICIDE
JEWS ALSO OUTSIDE SOCIETY IN 1942 AND 1943
BECAUSE OF DEPORTATIONS
--------------------------------------------------
-----
JEWISH SUICIDE HIGHER IN 1942 AND 1943
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NUMBER OF JEWISH SUICIDES PER 100,000 CONPUTED BY
TAKING THE MONTHLY NUMBER OF JEWS PRESENT IN THE
NETHERLANDS AS BASIS AND ADDING UP
1936-39 23 1940 195 1941 31 1942 213 1943
224
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ULTEES FOURTH SYLLOGISM
LESS INTEGRATION, MORE SUICIDE
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ULTEES FOURTH SYLLOGISM
LESS INTEGRATION, MORE SUICIDE
GERMANY OCCUPIED NETHERLANDS IN MAY 1940 JEWISH
DEPORTATIONS STARTED JULY 1942
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ULTEES FOURTH SYLLOGISM
LESS INTEGRATION, MORE SUICIDE
GERMANY OCCUPIED NETHERLANDS IN MAY 1940 JEWISH
DEPORTATIONS STARTED JULY 1942
--------------------------------------------------
------------------
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ULTEES FOURTH SYLLOGISM
LESS INTEGRATION, MORE SUICIDE
GERMANY OCCUPIED NETHERLANDS IN MAY 1940 JEWISH
DEPORTATIONS STARTED JULY 1942
--------------------------------------------------
------------------
IN 1940, JEWISH SUICIDE ROSE IN MAY, IN 1942
JEWISH SUICIDE ROSE IN JULY
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ABSOLUTE NUMBER OF JEWISH SUICIDES BY MONTH
JAN 1940 3 1942 4 FEB 2
8 MAR 0 2 APR 5 6 MAY
210 4 JUN 6 6 JUL
14 43 AUG 5 31 SEPT
8 44 OCT 1 51 NOV 1 33 DEC
2 15
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THEORY-GUIDED RESEARCH AND QUESTION-DRIVEN
THEORIZING IS POSSIBLE WITH DIGITALLY AVAILABLE
ADMINISTRATIVE STATISTICS