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2nd Annual Global Tank Storage Summit
Opportunities and Challenges resulting from an
increased demand for storage with focus on
biofuels
Peter van der Gaag www.hollandinnovationteam.nl
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Contents
View on present tank storage What can be
improved? Underground storage in ground
storage Combinations solar panels and heating
Combination electricity with wind for pumps
Looking at bio fuels and vegetable oils,
biodiesel Bio-ethanol (multiple) storage and
dehydration Bio-LNG a new market for tanks and
storage Case study Zwijndrecht bio-LNG
terminal Conclusions and recommendations
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View on present tank storage
Storages in large ports are mostly Very
conservative No/few innovations Large,
larger, largest Space seems to be of no
importance cheap rent/soil Stand-alone storage
terminals No combinations with other
uses Business as usual
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Where are windmills and solar panels? (and
trees)
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Where are the crops and algae basins? (and
trees)
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Where space is expensive, look underground!
Many countries look at underground storage of
chemicals, propane, crude oil, gas (UGS). E.g. 1
billion barrels of oil will be stored underground
in USA. Singapore will save 1.000.000 m2 with
underground oil storage (figure) http//www.jtc.go
v.sg/Publications/Newsletter/Periscope/Periscope_2
008_04/focus/article02.htm
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Where space is expensive look underground!
Salt dome Wilhelmshaven, Northern Germany Oil
storage 53 caverns 15 million tons oil Storage
of hydrogen proposed In German wind energy
project
www.nwowhv.de
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Where land is cheap you can look at synergy
Use in-ground tanks in combination with other
activities Multiply use of tank storage
terminals Wind parks Crops Algae
Solar Combine businesses Solar power for
heating of the storage Electricity by wind for
pumping of fluids Use idle storage time for
value added processes (next)
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Biofuels industries bring new challenges Biodiesel
and vegetable oils
Imports and storage of palm oil, rape seed oil,
olive oils and other exotics (jatropha, peanut,
coconuts) Old baking oils, Glycerol Biodiesel,
BTL, NexBTL, FAME, Blending and storage of B5,
B10, B30 There is a demand for numerous smaller
storage facilities because of the large
variation in quality (composition, different
specs) But also different storage temperatures
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Biodiesel and vegetable oils
Would the difference between first and
second generation create demand for additional
separate storage capacity? Would certification
create extra demand if different grades/origins
need separated storage? Storage
temperatures biodiesel and vegetable oils can be
heated by renewables
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Bio-ethanol (bio-methanol, bio-butanol)
Bio-ethanol requires extra investment in storage
and pipelines because of weathering Bio-ethanol
from overseas will attract moisture and thus
increase in water content (transport i.e. from
Brazil) So what we do with 10 quantities of
bio-ethanol with water content varying from
1-10? Do we need ten separate tanks, or will we
blend it? Which precautions do we take for
storage of E85 blends?
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Use idle storage time for processing!!
Instead of ten different bio-ethanol tanks, take
one large tank for mixed bio-ethanol grades with
varying water content, then use gravity to
dehydrate this blend, and the second tank to
store dehydrated bio-ethanol Options are
membrane, pervaporation, molecular sieve, or
another solution Holland Innovation Team
acquired a patent for a cheap solution to
dehydrate liquids such as bio-ethanol
(13-12-2011) Ready for discussion with storage
companies
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Underground storage of bio-ethanol?
From http//gillesenergies.webs.com/dehydration.h
tm Ethanol Dehydration Using Rock Salt Water
dissolves in rock salt, Ethanol does not. Water
can be removed by circulating the Ethanol / Water
through dry salt. Rocksalt, such as used in water
softeners is readily available, and low in cost.
The rocksalt can be dried and used many
times. So, wouldnt it be possible to store
bio-ethanol in salt domes?
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A new bio fuel What is bio-LNG
(LBG, LBM)?
Bio-LNG is liquid bio-methane. (LBM) Bio-LNG is
produced from biogas. Biogas is produced by
anaerobic digestion. It is upgraded to
bio-methane and than liquefied at -162
Celsius. All organic waste can rot and can
produce biogas, the bacteria do the work.
Therefore biogas is the cheapest and cleanest bio
fuel without competition with food or land use.
Quality is always better than quality of fossil
LNG, i.e. bio-LNG is premium and should be stored
carefully at -162 Celsius.


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The advantages of bio-LNG

• Bio-LNG is of better quality than fossil LNG.
  This is the first time that a bio fuel is better
  than its fossil counterpart
• While bio-LNG can be used without blending, it
  can also be used to improve the quality of fossil
  LNG
• Bio-LNG can replace 20 of our fossil
  transportation fuels by 2020 in inland
  navigation, heavy duty trucks and cold ironing in
  ports
• Bio-LNG can be used to produce bio-CNG for
  private cars with minor additional costs
• Bio-LNG emits negligible NOx or PM when burnt
• Bio-LNG has a much lower carbon footprint than
  other fossil fuels or bio fuels can even be
  carbon negative
• Bio-LNG is cheapest bio fuel per energy unit

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How much bio-LNG can be made?
Sourcehttp//ecocomplex.rutgers.edu/PeterBoisen.p
df
Dutch government agency forecasts that 3 billion
cbm of so-called green gas can be produced
from anaerobic digestion (NL), equivalent gtgt 2
million tons of bio-LNG.
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CO2 Emission well to wheel by Air-LNG
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Bio-LNG storage what is important?

• Temperature at minus 162 Celsius
• Pressure low (1-4 or maximum 8 bars)
• Special cryogenic equipment, hoses, jetties
• Pre-cooling operations
• Safety restrictions
• Boil-off control
• Aging, weathering processes
• Roll-over during blending

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But there is more BIO-LNG is premium
Boil-off at LNG storage changes composition,
Bio-LNG not
LNG 50.000 liter (-160 graden)
Storage of 50.000 liters LNG with 8 C2/C3.
Boil-off 0,1 /day, storage empty after 10 days.
250 liters of methane lost.
Boil-off 0,1/day, after 100 days, storage half
empty. 3750 liters of methane lost. Composition
of remaining LNG 9,4 C2/C3.
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Getting the market off the groundAchievements
2011
First intermediate results in project
design/building of bio-LNG distribution vessels
for short sea and inland navigation. Lead partner
is VEKA Group / Bijlsma Shipyards, builder of
Pioneer Knutsen.
SANDFIRDEN  T E C H N I C S
LNG Rivers Shipping
Grant awarded by the Clusterregeling of the
province of South-Holland
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Inland and short sea shipping becomes "green" by
Bio-LNG E-Energy Market by Erik Groen

LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) is cleaner than
gasoline, diesel and fuel oil. "But it's still a
fossil fuel", says Peter van der Gaag. Bio-LNG is
truly "green gas". BER BV wants to build a
bio-LNG plant in Delfzijl, and a bunkering
bio-LNG terminal to be built in Zwijndrecht
together with Nobel close to Rotterdam. "The
bio-LNG must be transported between these
locations and to other terminals and distribution
centers," Van der Gaag. "We are creating a whole
chain. This vessel is indispensable. A bio-LNG
plant would produce between 40-150 tons of
bio-LNG daily. Distribution can be done by
bio-LNG tankers of 1100-4000 cbm.
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Latest achievements

• Bunkerworld News - Latest News -

A. Nobel Zn Bunkerservice
22 November 2011 - 'First movers' integral in LNG
bunkering future ... part of trials to acquire
permit for construction of bio-LNG bunkering
terminal See movie of test bunkering at
YouTube http//www.youtube.com/watch?vkS0UzUtbV
mM
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(Bio)LNG bunker terminal
A. Nobel Zn Bunkerservice
Initial bunkering from tank trucks Then starting
with 500 m3 LNG storage tank, later expanded to
2000 m3 (modular layout) The bunkering station
is already heated and cooled by water of Oude
Maas river (heat exchanger) Boil-off of bio-LNG
will generate electricity, creating the first
bunkering terminal of the post-fossil fuels era
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Conclusions and recommendations
Tank storage terminals can (should) become more
sustainable Underground storage and new
combinations save space Especially the biomass
and biofuels industry poses challenges for
storage Try to use new processes at terminals to
add value to your products (e.g. dehydration of
bio-ethanol) Change of management/operations is
needed to operate bio-LNG storage terminals New
types of equipment and different safety
measurements will be needed Bio-LNG as additive
will be used to increase fossil LNG quality,
creating additional operations
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Thank you for your attention
So keep thinking out of the box!

• Peter van der Gaag / Remco Hoogma/Nella Sapulette
• Holland Innovation Team
• www.hollandinnovationteam.nl
• www.bio-lng.info

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