ERGONOMICS

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ERGONOMICS

• ZEYNEP HASER
• 2009503040
• INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

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WHAT IS ERGONOMICS?

• Ergonomics is the application of scientific
  principles,methods and data drawn from a variety
  of disciplines to the development of engineering
  systems in which people play a significiant
  role.The term Ergonomicsis derived from two
  Greek wordsErgon work(v)Nomosnatural
  laws(n)

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HISTORY OF ERGONOMICS

• Today Ergonomics is known as Business
  ScienceThe foundations of the science of
  ergonomics appear to have been laid within the
  context of the culture of Ancient Greece. One
  day Hippocrates gives of how a surgeons
  workplace should be designed and how the tools he
  uses should be arranged.It is also true that
  archaelogical records of the early Egyptians
  Dynasties made tools,house hold equipment among
  others that illustrated ergonomic principles.

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Leaders of Ergonomics

• In the 19th century F.Winslow Taylor
  pioneered the Scientific Management method
  which proposed a way to find the optimum method
  for carrying out a given task.Later Frank and
  Lillian Gilbreth expanded Taylors methods in the
  early 1900s to devolopTime and Motion
  Studies.They aimed to improve effiency by
  eliminating unnecassary steps and actions.By this
  way Gilbreths reduced the number of motions in
  bricklaying from 18 to 4.5 allowing bricklayers
  to increase their productivity from 120 to 350
  bricks per hour.

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How did Ergonomics devolope?

• The second world war marked the devolopment
  of new and complex machines and weaponry and
  these made new demands on operators
  cognition.The decision-making,attention,hand eye
  coordination and awareness of the machines
  operator became key in the succes or failure of a
  task.Even planes flown by the best trained pilots
  crashed.After the accidents Alphonse Chapanis
  wanted to find a solution.He was a lieutenant in
  the US army.He showed that this so-called pilot
  error could be reduced when more logical and
  differantiable controls replaced confusing
  designs in airplane cockpits.Since the war
  Ergonomics has continued to flourish and
  diversify.

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APPLICATIONS of ERGONOMICS

• Aeorospace
• Training
• Product Design
• Nuclear and Virtual Environments
• Health Care
• Transportation
• Medical
• and ext

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ERGONOMICS IN THE WORKPLACE

• The term Ergonomics is generally used to
  refer to physical ergonomics as it is related to
  the workplace.Ergonomics in the workplace has to
  do with the safety of employees.Ergonomics can
  help reduce costs by improving safety.For example
  over 5 million workers sustain overextension per
  year.Through Ergonomics,workplaces can be
  designed so that workers dont have to overextend
  themselves and the manufacturing industry could
  save billions in workers compensation.

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ERGONOMIC SEATING POSITIONS

• Wieving distance angle must be 18.24 degree.
• Knee angle must be 90 degree
• Back angle must be 90 degree.
• If you obey these rules you can work comfortably.

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FIELDS OF ERGONOMICS

• ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY
• MACROERGONOMICS
• SEATING ERGONOMICS

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• ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY It is related to safety
  of workers.Its aim is to provide safe conditions
  for workers.It studies the relationships of
  people to machines with the intent of improving
  such relationships.For example putting two
  bottoms on each sides of machines so as to
  prevent an accident about your hands.
• MACROERGONOMICSAccording to Hendrick and
  Kleiner(2002) Macroergonomics is the
  subdiscipline of ergonomics that focuses on the
  design of the overall worksystem.
• SEATING ERGONOMICSIt is concerned with
  comfortable seating position.

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Design of Ergonomics Experiments

• There is a specific series of steps that
  should be used in order to properly design an
  ergonomics experiment.
• One should choose a problem that has got a
  practical impact.(The problem should support a
  current theory.)
• The user should select one or a few dependent
  variable(s) which usually measures safety,
  health, and/or physiological performance.

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• When testing the users, one should give careful
  instructions describing the method or task and
  then get voluntary consent.
• The user should recognize all the possible
  combinations and interactions to notice the many
  differences that could occur.
• Multiple observations and trials should be
  conducted and compared to maximize the best
  results
• A mathematical model should be used so that the
  data will be clear once the experiment is
  completed.

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• The experiment starts with a pilot test. Make
  sure in advance that the subjects understand the
  test, the equipment works, and that the test is
  able to be finished within the given time. When
  the experiment actually begins, the subjects
  should be paid for their work. All times and
  other measurements should be carefully measured
  and recorded. Once all the data is compiled, it
  should be analyzed, reduced, and formatted in the
  right way. A report explaining the experiment
  should be written. It should often display
  statistics including an ANOVA table, plots, and
  means of central tendency. A final paper should
  be written and edited after numerous drafts to
  ensure an adequate report is the final product.

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ORGANIZATIONS

• The International Ergonomics Association(IEA)
• The International Society of Automative
  Engineers(SAE)
• The mission of IEA is to elaborate and
  advance ergonomics science and practice and to
  improve quality of life by expanding its scope
  of application and contribution to society.
• SAE is a professional organization for
  mobility engineering professionals in the
  aerospace,automative and commercial vehicle
  industries.
• These organizations try to develop new
  technologies for ergonomics and hold conferences.

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The International Ergonomics Association divides
Ergonomics into three domains

• Physical Ergonomics is concerned with human
  anatomical,and some of the anthropometric,physiolo
  gical and biomechanical characteristics as they
  relate to physical activity.
• Cognitive Ergonomicsis concerned with mental
  processes,such as perception,memory,reasoning,and
  motor response,as they affect interactions among
  humans and other elements of a system.

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• Organizational Ergonomicsis concerned with the
  optimization of sociotechnical systems,including
  their organizational structures,policies,and
  processes.
• IN CONCLUSIONErgonomics is a solution for
  difficult labor conditions.Ergonomists try to
  reduce injuries while people are working.