Kimberly Caron RN, MSN

1
Salmonella

• Kimberly Caron RN, MSN
• PhD Student of Public Health
• Instructor
• Dr. Robert Marino
• Walden University
• April 2011

2
Learning Outcomes

• You will have a basic understanding of what
  salmonella is, how it presents, how it is
  transmissed, when during the year cases are most
  likely to occur, and what the basic treatments
  for it are.
• You will be able to define the populations most
  affected by Salmonellosis and where cases are
  most commonly located.
• You will be able to identify preventative actions
  you can take in your own home and what can be
  done in the community to prevent salmonellosis
  outbreaks
• You will have a general understanding of some
  current local, state, federal, and global actions
  being taken to protect the public from
  salmonellosis.

3
Salmonellosis

• What is it?
• Group of bacteria.
• Discovered by a Scientist and veterinarian by
  the name of Daniel Salmon in 1885(CDC, 2011).
• Currently over 2500 known types(WHO,2011).

Pictures Gyalogbodza. (2010). Retrieved April
2011, from Salmonella http//gyalogbodza.hu/files
/images/salmonella.jpg Salmonella.jpg. (2011).
Retrieved April 2011, from AvionBiotech.com
http//www.avianbiotech.com/Diseases/Images/salmon
ella.jpg WebMD. (2010). Retrieved April 2011,
from Salmonella slideshow http//www.webmd.com/fo
od-recipes/food-poisoning/slideshow-salmonella Wik
ipedia. (2011, March 24). Daniel Elmer Salmon.
Retrieved April 2011, from Wikipedia
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Elmer_SalmonC
areer
4
Epidemiology

• Salmonella
• Is one of the most widespread forms of foodborne
  disease in the world.
• Is the cause of at least 1.4 million cases of
  infectious diarrhea world-wide on an annual
  basis(CDC,2011). It is estimated to actually be
  40 times this amount (CDC,2011).
• Causes 40,000 cases of infectious diarrhea in the
  U.S. And is related to approximately 600 deaths
  per year in the U.S (CDC, 2011).

5
Age Groups Affected
Elderly Adults
Children under age 5
Pictures sdn Children's services inc. (n.d.).
Retrieved from http//www.sdn.org.au/ (n.d.).
Retrieved from Harry Cutting.com
http//www.harrycutting.com/photos_people/elderly-
pictures-149-KC5046.htm
6
Transmission
Pictures Visual Photos.com. (n.d.). Retrieved
from http//www.google.com/search?qrawmeatpics
hlenrlscom.microsoften-usIE-SearchBoxrlz1I7
TSNF_enprmdivnstbmischtbousourceunivsaX
eigcK0TaaTL4OctweYtoDqDgved0CBkQsAQbiw681bih
558 WebMD. (2010). Retrieved April 2011, from
Salmonella slideshow http//www.webmd.com/food-re
cipes/food-poisoning/slideshow-salmonella
7
Burden on Society

• Estimated 30 of the population in industrialized
  nations suffer from foodborne illnesses such as
  salmonella (WHO, 2007).
• Results
• 325,000 hospitalization annually
• 5000 related deaths annually
• (USDA, 2010)
• Cost to the United States
• In 2010 there were 1,397,187 reported cases
• Total cost of treatment 2,649,413,301
• (USDA, 2010)

8
Symptoms

• Develop within 72hours after exposure
• Include fever, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping
• May last up to 7 days
• Many times are mistaken for minor viral stomach
  illnesses
• (CDC, 2011)

Picture WebMD. (2010). Retrieved April 2011,
from Salmonella slideshow http//www.webmd.com/fo
od-recipes/food-poisoning/slideshow-salmonella
9
Treatment
Antibiotics are sometimes necessary to treat
more serious cases of Salmonellosis
Less severe cases may be self limiting and not
require medical treatment.
Pictures Business Week. (n.d.). The greatest
innovations of all time Vaccines and
antibiotics. Retrieved from http//images.business
week.com/ss/07/02/0216_innovations/source/12.ht Wa
kefield Cosmetic and Family Dentistry. (n.d.).
Antibiotic Therapy. Retrieved from
http//www.bettersexhealth.com/AntibioticTherapy.h
tml
10
Treatment For Mild Cases

• Salmonella infections occur more in the summer
  than in the winter (CDC, 2011).
• It is very important to
• Drink lots of water to prevent dehydration
• Get lots of rest
• Seek medical advice and treatment for worsening
  or severe symptoms
• (US Dept of Health and Human Services, 2011)

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Prevention In Your Home
1. Wash your hands 2. Avoid eating raw or
undercooked eggs or meat 3. Wrap fresh meat in
plastic bags to keep them from dripping on other
foods 4. Refrigerate left-over food promptly 5.
Disinfect cutting boards, counters, and utensils
after use on raw meat 6. Ensure proper internal
temperatures are reached when cooking meat 7.
Wash raw fruits and vegetables prior to eating 8.
Avoid chicks, ducks, turtles, and reptiles as
pets for small children. (VDH, 2008)
Picture Alcoa Construction. (n.d.). Retrieved
from Kitchen remodeling http//www.alcoaconstruct
ion.com/renovations/kitchen-remodeling/
12
Prevention in the Community

• Wash Your Hands.
• Children who have diarrhea should not go to
  daycare because of the risk they pose to others.
• People carrying salmonella should avoid high-risk
  environments such as long-term care facilities,
  daycare centers, school environments, and
  hospitals until they are sure they are free of
  salmonella.
• (VDH, 2008)

Picture Carver County, Minnesota. (n.d.).
Keeping our water clean. How you can help!
Retrieved from Carver County http//www.co.carver
.mn.us/departments/LWS/how_you_can_help!!.asp
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Current Public Health Initiatives

• Biotechnology
• Includes low level antibiotics to livestock and
  biogenetically enhanced plants
• Educational efforts on hygiene
• Resources are being made available for laboratory
  equipment to facilitate better surveillance and
  treatment
• More monitoring of food sources
• Resources for pasteurization, food irradiation,
  and fermentation
• The WHO is being more proactive in policy
  initiatives around the world including
  biotechnology
• (WHO,2007)

14
Complete Reference List

• (n.d.). Retrieved from Harry Cutting.com
  http//www.harrycutting.com/photos_people/elderly-
  pictures-149-KC5046.htm
• Alcoa Construction. (n.d.). Retrieved from
  Kitchen remodeling http//www.alcoaconstruction.c
  om/renovations/kitchen-remodeling/
• Business Week. (n.d.). The greatest innovations
  of all time Vaccines and antibiotics. Retrieved
  from http//images.businessweek.com/ss/07/02/0216_
  innovations/source/12.htm
• Carver County, Minnesota. (n.d.). Keeping our
  water clean. How you can help! Retrieved from
  Carver County http//www.co.carver.mn.us/departme
  nts/LWS/how_you_can_help!!.asp
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  (2011, April 7). Salmonella. Retrieved April
  2011, from Centers for Disease Control and
  Prevention http//www.cdc.gov/salmonella/
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  (2011, April 7). Salmonella. Retrieved April
  2011, from Centers for Disease Control and
  Prevention http//www.cdc.gov/salmonella/
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  (2010, November). Salmonella serotype
  Enteritidis. Retrieved April 2011, from National
  Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric
  Disease http//www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd
  /diseases/salmonella_enteritidis/top
• Gyalogbodza. (2010). Retrieved April 2011, from
  Salmonella http//gyalogbodza.hu/files/images/sal
  monella.jpg
• Hohmann, E. (2001). Nontyphoidal salmonellosis.
  Food Safety , 32 (15), 263-269.
• Salmonella.jpg. (2011). Retrieved April 2011,
  from AvionBiotech.com http//www.avianbiotech.com
  /Diseases/Images/salmonella.jpg

15
Complete Reference List (cont)

• sdn Children's services inc. (n.d.). Retrieved
  from http//www.sdn.org.au/
• United Stated Department of Health and Human
  Services. (2011). Salmonella. Retrieved April
  2011, from Foodsafety.gov http//www.foodsafety.g
  ov/poisoning/causes/bacteriaviruses/salmonella.htm
  l
• United States Department of Agriculture. (2010,
  December 28). Data Sets. Retrieved April 2011,
  from Foodborne illness cost calculator
  http//www.ers.usda.gov/Data/FoodborneIllness/
• Virginia Department of Health. (2008).
  Salmonellosis. http//www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemi
  ology/factsheets/pdf/Salmonellosis.pdf.
• Visual Photos.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from
  http//www.google.com/search?qrawmeatpicshlen
  rlscom.microsoften-usIE-SearchBoxrlz1I7TSNF_
  enprmdivnstbmischtbousourceunivsaXeigc
  K0TaaTL4OctweYtoDqDgved0CBkQsAQbiw681bih558
• Wakefield Cosmetic and Family Dentistry. (n.d.).
  Antibiotic Therapy. Retrieved from
  http//www.bettersexhealth.com/AntibioticTherapy.h
  tml
• WebMD. (2010). Retrieved April 2011, from
  Salmonella slideshow http//www.webmd.com/food-re
  cipes/food-poisoning/slideshow-salmonella
• Wikipedia. (2011, March 24). Daniel Elmer Salmon.
  Retrieved April 2011, from Wikipedia
  http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Elmer_SalmonC
  areer
• World Health Organization. (2010). An integrated
  approach to food safety and zoonoses.
  http//www.who.int/gfn/supported/Flyer_GFN.pdf.

16
Complete Reference List (cont)

• World Health Organization. (2007, March). Food
  safety and foodborne illness. Retrieved April
  2011, from Media Center http//www.who.int/mediac
  entre/factsheets/fs237/en/
• World Health Organization. (2006). Preventing
  Disease Through Healthy Environments.
  http//www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publicati
  ons/preventingdisease.pdf.
• World Health Organization. (2011). Salmonella.
  Retrieved April 2011, from Health Topics
  http//www.who.int/topics/salmonella/en/

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For Further Reading Please Visit the Following
Web Sites
Preventing Disease through Healthy
Environments http//www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpa
cts/publications/preventingdisease/en/ This
publication put out by the World Health
Organization explores the role of the
environmental risk factors on health disparities
effecting the worlds populations. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention http//www.vdh.virg
inia.gov/epidemiology/factsheets/pdf/Salmonellosis
.pdf. This web site produced by the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention gives a
comprehensive description of Salmonella . United
States Department of Agriculture http//www.usda.g
ov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?navidFOOD_SAFETYnavt
ypeRTparentnavFOOD_NUTRITION This web site
produced by the United States Department of
Agriculture provides information of safe food
handling . It also includes recent food recalls
and information on current measures in place
protecting the United States food supply.