Give Me Liberty!

1
Chapter 1
Norton Media Library
Give Me Liberty! An American History Second
EditionVolume 1
by Eric Foner
2
I. First Americans

• Arrival of Native Americans
• Gradual settlement across Americas
• Environmental change and rise of agriculture
• Aztec and Inca Empires

3
I. First Americans (contd)

• North American Indians
• Wide-ranging and evolving societies
• Mississippi Valley
• Ohio River Valley
• Southwest
• West Coast
• Great Plains
• Southeast
• Northeast
• Interrelations among Indian societies
• Trade
• Diplomacy
• War

4
I. First Americans (contd)

• North American Indians
• Distinguishing factors among Indian societies
• Political organization
• Religious beliefs
• Language
• Absence of shared identity
• Common characteristics among Indian societies
• Spiritual outlook
• Place of ritual
• Views on natural and supernatural
• Views on secular and religious
• Conceptions of property
• Relative lack of material inequality
• Systems of gender relations
• European disdain for Indian customs and values

5
II. Indian freedom, European freedom

• Indian conceptions of freedom
• Basis in collective belonging, self-determination,
  mutuality
• Absence of basis in individual autonomy, private
  property
• European incomprehension of
• European conceptions of freedom
• Christian liberty
• Freedom from sin
• No freedom of religious choice
• Freedom and inequality in early modern England
• Emphasis on ordered, hierarchical society
• Gender hierarchies
• Class hierarchies
• Unequal distribution of freedoms

6
III. Start of European expansion

• Initial aims
• Commercial sea route to Asia
• Circumvention of Islamic middlemen
• Eastward expansion
• Portugals exploration, extension of trading
  empire
• West Africa
• Cape of Good Hope
• India
• Far East
• Portugals colonization of Atlantic islands
• Sugar plantations
• Slaves from Africa

7
III. Start of European expansion (contd)

• Slavery and Africa
• Traditional patterns of African slavery
• Acceleration of slave trade following European
  arrival
• Westward expansion
• Voyages of Christopher Columbus
• Quest for westward route to Asia
• Sponsorship of Spain
• First Spanish presence in New World
• Settlements at Hispaniola
• Explorations by Amerigo Vespucci
• First English and Portuguese presence in New
  World
• John Cabot (Newfoundland)
• Pedro Cabral (Brazil)

8
IV. Spanish conquest of New World

• Motivations
• Acquisition of wealth
• National glory
• Spread of Catholicism
• The Conquistadores
• Vasco Núnez de Balboas expedition to Panama, the
  Pacific
• Ferdinand Magellans expedition around the world
• Hernán Cortéss conquest of the Aztecs
• Background on Aztec empire
• Defeat, devastation, subjugation of the Aztecs
• Francisco Pizarros conquest of the Incas
• Background on Inca empire
• Defeat, devastation, subjugation of the Incas

9
V. Demographic consequences of European
arrival in the Americas

• Columbian exchange of goods and people
• Devastation of Indian population
• Breadth and magnitude
• Causes
• War
• Enslavement
• Disease

10
VI. The Spanish Empire (sixteenth century)

• Breadth
• System of colonial government
• Curbing of conquistador aggression
• Establishment of top-down royal governance
• Emergence of locally based governance
• Exploitation of Indian labor
• Gold and silver mines
• Large-scale farms (haciendas)
• Emigration from Spain
• Volume
• Social composition
• Impact of native societies on empires prospects

11
VI. The Spanish Empire (sixteenth century)
(contd)

• Gestation of a hybrid culture Mestizos
• Justifications for conquest
• Perception of cultural superiority
• Old-World precedent for violent crusades
• Papal bull dividing New World between Spain and
  Portugal
• Imperative to spread Catholicism
• Versus heathenism
• Versus Protestantism

12
VI. The Spanish Empire (sixteenth century)
(contd)

• Spain and the Indians
• Dual agenda of saving souls and exploiting labor
• External restraints on brutalization of Indians
• Pope Paul IIIs ban on Indian enslavement
• Bartolomé de las Casass Destruction of the
  Indies
• Spanish reforms of colonist-Indian relations
• Abolition of Indian enslavement
• Abolition of encomienda system
• Implementation of repartimiento system
• Continuing abuse of Indians

13
VI. The Spanish Empire (sixteenth century)
(contd)

• Colonial labor system at end of sixteenth century
• Involuntary wage labor by Indians
• Slave labor by Africans
• Emergence of Black Legend image of Spanish
  colonizers
• Spanish explorations of North America
• Motivations
• Riches
• Strategic bases
• Religious conversion

14
VI. The Spanish Empire (sixteenth century)
(contd)

• Spanish explorations of North America
• Exploratory expeditions
• Juan Ponce de Léon
• Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo
• Hernando de Soto
• Cabeza de Vaca
• Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
• Devastation of Indian communities
• Establishment of Spanish settlements
• In present-day Southeast
• In present-day Southwest

15
VI. The Spanish Empire (sixteenth century)
(contd)

• Pueblo Revolt
• Sources of Pueblo resentment of colonial
  authorities
• Labor exploitation
• Pressure to convert to Catholicism
• Assault on Pueblo religious traditions
• Failure to protect Pueblos from drought, external
  attacks
• The 1680 Revolt
• Popé
• Background
• Leadership
• Unity of Pueblo rebels
• Defeat and ouster of Spanish colonizers

16
VI. The Spanish Empire (sixteenth century)
(contd)

• Pueblo Revolt
• Aftermath of revolt
• Eradication of Spanish cultural presence
• Collapse of Pueblo unity
• Return of Spanish colonial rule
• Easing of colonial practices toward Pueblos

17
VII. The French and Dutch empires

• Overall significance
• As part of Atlantic rivalry with Spain
• Modesty of, compared to Spanish empire
• The French empire
• Initial aims
• Initial obstacles
• Establishment and scope of
• Relations with Indians
• Social and economic arrangements
• Limits of growth

18
VII. The French and Dutch empires (contd)

• The Dutch empire
• Establishment and scope of
• Place within Dutch commercial empire
• Conceptions of liberty and toleration
• Social and economic arrangements
• Limits of growth
• Relations with Indians

19
Studyspace link
http//www.wwnorton.com/foner
20
End slide
This concludes the Norton Media Library Slide Set
for Chapter 1
Give Me Liberty! An American History 2nd Edition,
Volume 1
by Eric Foner
W. W. Norton CompanyIndependent and
Employee-Owned