Toward Independence

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Chapter 5

• Toward Independence

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Vocabulary Terms

• Patriots (Whigs) American Colonists who believed
  the colonies had a right to govern themselves
• Loyalists (Tories) American Colonists who
  remained loyal to Great Britain and did not
  believe in the colonies right to self governance
• Allies groups or countries that work together
  during wartime.
• Militia a small army made up of ordinary
  citizens who are available to fight in in
  emergency
• Tyranny the unjust use of government power by
  groups or an individual.
• Repeal to take back or to cancel a law
• Boycott to refuse to buy one or more goods from
  a certain source. An organized refusal to do
  something by people.
• Revenue money collected by the government in
  the form of taxes

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Section 5.2 Before 1763

• Growth of the American Colonies
• American colonies were grew rapidly from 50,000
  to over 1,000,000
• Reasons
• cheap land
• religious freedom
• economic opportunity

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Section 5.2 Before 1763

• British Government Treatment of the Colonies
• Left the colonies alone for the most part
• Colonists became fairly self-reliant
• Colonists elected assemblies, levied taxes, and
  passed laws

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Section 5.2 Before 1763

• Conflict in the Ohio Valley
• Ohio Valley claimed by both French and English
• 1754 French build Fort Duquesne near present-day
  Pittsburg
• Virginia Governor organizes militia, lead by
  George Washington, to drive the French out of the
  Ohio Valley
• Perception that colonists were not very good
  soldiers
• Defeat the first French scouting party they
  encountered which starts the French and Indian
  War

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Section 5.3 Early British America

• 1760 King George III take the throne
• Britain in huge debt after the French and Indian
  War and expected the colonists to begin sharing
  the burden

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Section 5.3 Early British America

• The Proclamation of 1763
• King George III attempts to slow westward
  expansion
• draws line across the Appalachian Mountains
• settlers must remain east of the line
• tyranny
• colonists believed proclamation was an act of
  tyranny or an unjust demand by the King
• most of the land east of the Appalachian line was
  settled
• the only good land left was west of the
  Appalachian line
• to enforce the Proclamation, King George expands
  the British Army to 7,500

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The Stamp Act

• Rationale
• Great Britain needs to find additional money to
  pay off French and Indian War debt
• War was fought for the benefit of the colonists
• colonists were lightly taxed while citizens in
  Britain payed numerous taxes
• the colonists should pay their fair share of the
  debt

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The Stamp Act

• first overt tax by the British government on the
  colonies
• idea was created by British Prime Minister George
  Grenville

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The Stamp Act

• Requirements
• colonists had to buy a government stamp for every
  piece of paper they used
• included newspapers, wills, licenses, and playing
  cards

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The Stamp Act

• Sons of Liberty
• members were Patriots
• took violent action against the Stamp Act
• attacked tax collectors homes
• threatened to bury one tax collector alive

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The Stamp Act

• Reaction by Parliament
• after months of protests in the colonies led to
  the repeal of the Stamp Act
• helps build the foundation of the Right to
  Assemble in the 1st Amendment

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The Quartering Act

• Required colonists to house British soldiers in
  their homes
• Colonists were required to provide basic supplies
  to the soldiers
• Protests begin to arise in the colonies
• Helps build the basis for the 3rd Amendment to
  the U.S. Constitution

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Section 5.4 The Townshend Acts

• Origins
• Charles Townshend, British Parliament
• Bad colonists behavior showed need for more
  British troops in the colonies
• Tax on items imported from Britain to the
  Colonies such as tea, glass, paint, and paper

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Section 5.4 The Townshend Acts

• A Boycott of British Goods
• Townshend Act equaled a hidden tax on goods to
  the colonists
• Samuel Adams
• John Adams cousin
• Boston Patriot
• wrote a letter protesting the Townshend Acts and
  sent it to every colony
• Townshend Acts violated the rights of colonists
  and amounted to taxation w/o representation
• letter leads to boycott of British goods
• women were important in upholding the boycott

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The Townshends Acts

• Repeal of the Townshend Acts
• Lord North becomes leader of British Parliament
• determined Townshend Acts were actually causing
  tax revenue to go down
• all taxes on goods except tea were repealed by
  Parliament

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Section 5.5 The Boston Massacre

• Details
• Began as a fight which led to a small riot in
  Boston between soldiers and colonists
• 5 Boston colonists dead and 10 injured
• Boston Patriots continually harassed British
  Soldiers
• British Soldiers prohibited to fire on colonists
  unless their life was threatened

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Section 5.5 The Boston Massacre

• Mob Violence Breaks Out
• Mob began throwing rocks and ice at British
  Soldiers outside the Boston Customs House
• Mob knocks over British soldier to the ground and
  shots are fires
• Crispus Attucks, African-American, and 4 others
  killed/10 injured
• Crowd refuses to leave until they are promised a
  murder trial will take place

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Section 5.5 The Boston Massacre

• Massacre or Self-Defense
• Sam Adams
• uses the Boston Massacre as an opportunity to
  stir up more protests
• Paul Revere
• makes a drawing showing soldiers firing on
  peaceful colonist
• distributes the drawing throughout the colonies
• Positions
• Patriots all troops should leave
• Loyalists more troops are needed
• John Adams (future President)
• Boston Lawyer
• belief that everyone has a right to a fair trial
  (6thAmendment)
• agreed to defend the British soldiers in spite of
  personal costs
• argued troops acted in self-defense
• Verdicts
• 6 soldiers found not guilty
• 2 soldiers guilty of manslaughter

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Section 5.6 The Boston Tea Party

• The Tea Act
• British East India Tea Company
• huge British Company held monopoly on the Tea
  trade
• American boycott was bankrupting the company
• 1773 Act is passed by Parliament
• act was intended to save British East India
  Company and break up the American boycotts

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Section 5.6 The Boston Tea Party

• Effects of The Tea Act
• Results
• lowered the costs of British tea below smuggled
  Dutch tea
• granted monopoly of all colony tea sales to
  British East India Company
• colonists viewed this as another attempt to tax
  w/o representation and feared future taxes on
  other goods

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Section 5.6 The Boston Tea Party

• Tea Ships Arrive
• British East India ships arrive in American ports
• Colonists kept the ships from unloading their
  goods
• Many ships attempt to return to England
• Massachusetts Governor
• orders navy to block all ships from leaving or
  entering Boston Harbor
• demands the colonists allow the ships to unload
  their cargo
• Sons of Liberty, December 16, 1773
• disguise themselves as Native Americans
• 50 sneak aboard tea ships and dump the cargo into
  the Boston Harbor

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Section 5.7 The Intolerable Acts

• Parliament Punishes Massachusetts
• British Parliament and King George view the
  protest as fight for control over the colonies
• Intolerable Acts passed to punish Massachusetts
  Colony actions in the Boston Tea Party

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Section 5.7 The Intolerable Acts

• Effects of the Acts
• Boston Harbor closed until tea was paid for
• Massachusetts Governor/Assembly now controlled by
  England no town meeting in Massachusetts
• British soldiers accused of murder in the
  colonies were now to be tried in England
• Additional British soldiers sent to Boston to
  enforce the new laws

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Section 5.7 The Intolerable Acts

• 2 Opinions
• King George believed the Intolerable Acts would
  force the colonists to conform
• A few believed it would lead to open rebellion

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Section 5.7 The Intolerable Acts

• The Colonies Begin to Unite
• Colonists throughout Massachusetts and elsewhere
  began to support Boston and not England
• closed shops
• food and supplies sent to Boston
• Virginia Response
• everyones rights are in danger
• called for a meeting of colonial delegates to
  work out a peaceful solution to the Intolerable
  Acts
• Meeting leads to the 1st Continental Congress

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Section 5.7 The Intolerable Acts

• The First Continental Congress
• Why
• Response to the Intolerable Acts and the
  punishment of Boston
• Attempt to find peaceful solution to Boston
  problem and the Intolerable Acts
• September 1774
• 50 leaders from 12 colonies met in Philadelphia
• Georgia sent no representatives
• Patrick Henry, George Washington
• mix of Loyalists and Patriots
• Results
• respectful letter sent to King George
• Boycott would remain in effect until the
  Intolerable Acts were repealed
• meeting scheduled for the following May if
  boycott failed

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Section 5.7 The Intolerable Acts

• The Colonies Form Militias
• Patriots form committees to enforce the boycott
  of British goods
• Local militias organized in case the boycotts
  failed
• British hopes of forcing the colonies to conform
  had failed

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Section 5.8 Lexington and Concord

• The First Blow at Lexington
• King Georges Response
• refuses to listen to letter sent by Continental
  Congress
• declares the colonies to be in open rebellion
• orders General Gage to prepare to use force
  against the colonies

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Section 5.8 Lexington and Concord

• Paul Reveres Famous Ride
• April 6, 1775 General Gage (British Commander)
  informed of colonial stash of weapons and
  gunpowder in Concord, MA.
• 700 British troops ordered to march on Concord
• Colonial spies learn of the British troop
  movements
• Paul Revere and William Dawes warn the colonists

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Section 5.8 Lexington and Concord

• Results
• 8 colonists killed and 10 wounded near Lexington,
  MA
• remaining militia members fled
• colonists are defeated

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Section 5.8 Lexington and Concord

• The Second Blow at Concord
• Colonists moved the weapons and gunpowder out of
  Concord
• British soldiers set fire to tools, gun carriages
  etc..
• Militia fear Concord may be burned by the British
• Captain Davis moves militia towards British
  troops near Concord Bridge

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Section 5.8 Lexington and Concord

• The Second Blow at Concord
• British believe the militia members will run when
  fired upon
• British open fire, kill Captain Davis
• Militia return fire and British retreat

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Section 5.8 Lexington and Concord

• Results
• 74 British dead, 200 wounded or missing
• 49 colonists dead, 41 wounded
• colonial victory
• Impact For the first time British began to see
  that the American colonists were willing to stand
  and fight for rights they believed in

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Section 5.8 Lexington and Concord

• Impact For the first time British began to see
  that the American colonists were willing to stand
  and fight for rights they believed in