The Opening of America

1
The Opening of America

• 1815-1840

2
Need for Expansion of Markets

• U.S. had been tied to international trade when
  it suffered (as in War of 1812), so did the U.S.
  economy
• European wars of 1790s (French Revolution) and
  1800s (Napoleonic Wars) interfered with American
  exports
• Most Americans were rural and self-sufficient
  couldnt absorb any increase in American
  manufacturing

3
Stimuli to Development

• Embargo of 1807 stimulated American industry
• War itself increased demand for manufactured
  goods
• After Napoleons defeat, European capital flooded
  America looking for opportunities

4
A post-War of 1812 program of economic
centralization, designed to promote internal
economic development, was pushed by a group of
aggressive young Republican nationalists. The
economic program included all of the following
EXCEPT

• A. Funding the war debt
• B. A protective tariff
• C. A national bank
• D. Federal subsidies for public works programs

5
John Marshalls Supreme Court decisions sought to
promote American enterprise by all of the
following methods EXCEPT

• a. upholding private contracts
• b. blocking state interference with private
  property
• c. ruling that Indian lands must be turned over
  to white developers
• d. creating a climate of business confidence

6
McCulloch v Maryland

• Facts - Maryland required all banks not chartered
  by Maryland (ie the National Bank) to pay an
  annual tax
• Issues
• Was the National Bank constitutional?
• Did Maryland have the power to tax it?

7
McCulloch v Maryland

• Supreme Court endorsed a loose interpretation
  of the Constitution, recognizing the doctrine of
  implied powers
• Supremacy clause - although the national
  government is limited, it is supreme in its
  sphere of action
• The power to tax is the power to destroy

8
Gibbons v Ogden

• Commerce clause interpreted broadly
• Congress is supreme in all aspects of interstate
  commerce

9
Fletcher v Peck

• Yazoo land fraud
• Protection of private property and contracts from
  legislative interference

10
Dartmouth College v Woodward

• Corporate charters are a contract, and cannot be
  disturbed by the legislature
• All these decisions created a climate of business
  confidence

11
What was the most basic reason so many Americans
moved so much, especially to the new western
lands?

• Greater political freedom
• Improved economic opportunity
• More comfortable social relationships
• A sense of providential destiny

12
The phase of the Industrial Revolution that
occurred in the early 1800s featured each of the
following EXCEPT

• the rise of an American system of manufacturing
  based on machine tools and interchangeable parts
• manufacturing surpassing agriculture as the most
  important economic sector
• active government support for economic growth
  through both legislation and court rulings
• 4. the rise of an industrial labor force,
  initially mostly rural women

13
Which of the following groups purchased the
greatest amount of western land?

• Industrialists
• Small farmers
• Squatters
• Speculators

14
Which of the following proved to be the
breakthrough necessary to push cotton production
to the center of the American agricultural stage?

• Extensive railroad development
• Development of vast overseas markets
• Federal subsidies of cotton production
• Invention of the cotton gin

15
All of the following help account for the shift
to factory production except

• A growing, accessible market
• The availability of investment capital and credit
• The availability of workers
• Inventions that gave the U.S. a head start over
  Europeans

16
In its social impact, the market revolution did
all of the following except

• Elevated the status of workers
• Produced greater per capita wealth in American
  society
• Stimulated materialism
• Reorganized society toward specialization

17
The Panic of 1819
18
The Missouri Compromise of 1820