Title: Leadership, Social Facilitation and Inhibition
1Leadership, Social Facilitation and Inhibition
- Mr P. Leighton
- Group Dynamics of Performance
- Sports Psychology.
2Todays Session
- Look over Chellandurais work into leadership to
start - Discuss the theories associated with Social
Facilitation and Social Inhibition- basically
what makes us do what we do in sport! - Look over the key words from this area of study
Mastermind task
3(No Transcript)
4Do we understand this?
- Chellandurai recognised that 3 behaviour types
can impact upon the leader
5The Leadership Scale for Sports
Category of Leadership Explanation
Training and Instruction Behaviour Improving the performance of athletes through hard training and conditioning. Instruction is given on tactics and techniques Example?
Democratic Behaviour Leader allows group members to make decisions regarding strategies, practices and group goals.
Autocratic Behaviour Task Centred decisions are made by the leader without consultation of the group Example?
Social Support Behaviour Concerned with the welfare of the members. This is characterised by warm group/leader relations.
Rewarding Behaviour Positive feedback rewards group and individual performance, reinforcement of group cohesion.
6Young People in Sport
- Which leadership style/s do you think would
satisfy youth in sport? - Conversely, which leadership style/s do you think
would satisfy those training for - The Olympics (2012)
- A Sunday league game
- A Premier League Clash
7Social Facilitation and Inhibition
- Example Juggling/ Plate Spinning!
- It is well documented that the presence of other
CO-ACTORS or SPECTATORS can influence the
performance of an individual. - Think about a time when you have been playing
well/poorly and the presence of someone on the
sideline/more people watching or a harder/easier
opponent has changed the way you play.
8Arousal
- An increase in arousal can have positive or
negative influences on performance. - When arousal is positive, performance is enhanced
and SOCIAL FACILITATION is said to have taken
place. - When it is negative, SOCIAL INHIBITION is
present. - The two theories that explain this are
- Drive Theory of Social Facilitation.
- (Zajonc, 1965)
- Evaluation Apprehension Theory. (Cottrell, 1968)
9Zajoncs Model of Drive Theory and Social
Facilitation
10The Model Explained
- Zajonc theorised that passive others are enough
to increase our arousal levels. Drive Theory
indicates that there is a relationship between
arousal and performance
- Zajonc proposed the presence of others in itself
is arousing. Arousal enhances the production of
our dominant responses as opposed to the
subordinate responses. - Actions that have already been learnt are termed
Learned responses and are seen as Dominant
responses- Fight or Flight?
11Arousal Beginners Vs. Elite
- High levels of arousal should benefit those at
the autonomous stages of learning why? - A Dominant response should be towards the
correct response. - Novices (associative or cognitive) showing a high
level of arousal would have an inhibited
performance due to their dominant behaviour being
incorrect.
12Continued
- Martens (1969) confirmed Zajoncs research
stating that the presence of an audience in
beginners increases arousal and impairs learning
of complex skills. - Landers and McCullage (1976) challenged Zajoncs
assumptions. - They stated that co-actors being present aids the
learning of Sports Skills but co-actors need to
be of Slightly superior ability. - Q What can we assume then?
- A Presence of co-actors enhances learning of
motor skills while the attention of an audience
will inhibit learning.
13Evaluation Apprehension
- Cottrell (1968) stated that others being there
did not sufficiently arouse someone to allow
social facilitation or inhibition. - He stated that arousal did only occur when the
performer believed that the audience were
assessing or judging them. - Evaluation Apprehension, however, does not take
into account the need for evaluation in some
performers to stimulate arousal.
14The Home Advantage Effect
- Large supportive home crowds are believed to
provide the home team with an advantage i.e. the
12th Man. - It appears to be stronger, according to Nevill
and Cann (1998) when the crowd is bigger.
15Proximity Effect
- Schwartz (1975) proposed that the location of the
audience in relationship to the performance was
an important factor in social facilitation. - This is best seen in Basketball or Ice Hockey.
- Schwartz stated that outcome is not dictated by
the difficulty of the skill or the audience but
the level of performer, personality and level of
experience that are key.
16Distraction-Conflict Theory
- Baron (1986) proposed that the limitations of the
performers attention span can explain the effects
on performance. - Information processing models indicate that
attention can only be given to a set number of
environmental cues. - Spectators require as much attention (to block
out) as the actual sporting situation. - Simple tasks requiring little attention are
performed best in front of an audience while
under similar conditions actions would be
impaired.
17Strategies to combat the effects of Social
Inhibition in practical activities
- Selective attention would narrow the focus of the
performer to relevant cues. - Mental rehearsal and imagery could enhance
concentration, help block out the audience which
can be the source of inhibition i.e BBC SPORT
Football My Club Portsmouth James is boosted
by psychologist.mht - Positive self-talk to block out negativity.
- Practice in front of an audience to get used to
the effects supporters may have. - Rest on pg 241-242.
18Mastermind
- Look through your notes for the next 5 mins.
- You are each going to prepare 5 questions for
each other on the topics covered so far in the
style of mastermind i.e. short answers! - Winner gets a prize!