Disorders of the Endocrine System Thyroid Gland

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Disorders of the Endocrine System
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Thyroid Gland

• Hormone Thyroxin
• Overactivity (Too much hormone)
• Increased metabolic rate
• Increased food intake but loss of weight
• Hyperthyroidism (Graves disease)
• Goitre (swollen neck, maybe bulging eyes)

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Goitre
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Thyroid Gland

• Hormone Thyroxin
• Underactivity (Not enough hormone)
• Hypothyroidism (Hashimotos disease)
• - Reduced metabolic rate
• Low food intake but gain of weight
• Myxoedema (when onset in adults)
• Cretinism (when onset in children)
• Can also cause a goitre

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Myxoedema

• Puffiness (swelling)
• Fatigue
• Obesity
• Dry, thickened skin
• Mental impairment
• Thin, brittle hair

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Cretinism

• Protuberant abdomen
• Short Stature
• Infertility
• Neurological impairment
• Constant Fatigue
• Obesity

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Thyroid Gland

• Hormone Calcitonin
• Overactivity
• - Increased Bone Ca, decreased Blood Ca
• - Tetany (nerve problems leading to muscle
  spasms or cramps)
• Underactivity
• - Increase Blood Ca, decreased Bone Ca
• Osteoporosis (brittle bones)
• Kidney stones

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Parathyroid Glands

• Hormone Parathormone (PTH)
• Underactivity
• Low Blood calcium, High Bone Ca
• Tetany
• Overactivity
• High Blood calcium, Low Bone Ca
• Osteoporosis

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Pancreas

• Hormone Insulin
• Overactivity
• Low blood sugar level ( ?BSL)
• Hypoglycemia
• Underactivity
• High blood sugar level ( ?BSL)
• Hyperglycemia
• Diabetes

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Pancreas

• Hormone Glucagon
• Overactivity
• High blood sugar level ( ?BSL)
• Diabetes
• Underactivity
• Low blood sugar level ( ?BSL)
• Hyper insulinism

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Anterior Pituitary Gland

• Hormone Growth Hormone
• Overactive
• Giantism (children - very tall)
• Acromegaly (adults - bones skin thicken)
• Underactive
• - Dwarfism (very short)

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Giantism

• The man holding the baby in the photo is 8 ft,
  2.5 inches tall

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Acromegaly
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Dwarfism

• Dwarfism occurs when there is short supply of
  GH in childhood. There are two types of dwarfism
  Lorrain and Frohlichs

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CHART ANSWERS
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Thyroxin increases metabolic rate

• Overactive
• Goitre
• Hyperthyroidism
• Graves Disease

• Underactive
• Goitre
• Hypothyroidism
• Hashimotos Disease
• Myxoedema (adults)
• Cretinism (kids)

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Calcitonin Inc. Ca uptake by bones and dec. Ca
level in blood

• Overactive
• Tetany

• Underactive
• Kidney Stones
• Osteoporosis

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Parathormone (PTH) inc. Ca level in blood, dec.
Ca level in bone

• Overactive
• Kidney Stones
• Osteoporosis

• Underactive
• Tetany

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Insulin dec. blood sugar levels

• Overactive
• Hypoglycemia
• Hyperinsulinism (insulin shock)

• Underactive
• Hyperglycemia
• Diabetes

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Calcitonin Vs. Parathormone
Blood Ca
Blood Ca
Blood Ca
Blood Ca
Tetany

• Osteoporosis
• Kidney Stones

Blood Ca
Blood Ca
Tetany

• Osteoporosis
• Kidney Stones

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Glucagon inc. blood sugar levels

• Overactive
• Hyperglycemia
• Diabetes

• Underactive
• Hypoglycemia
• Hyperinsulinism

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Insulin vs Glucagon
BSL
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GH - Growth Hormone increases bone growth

• Overactive
• Giantism (children)
• Acromegaly (adults)

• Underactive
• Dwarfism (Frohlichs and Lorrain)

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MSH - Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone causes
color cells (melanocytes) in skin to darken

• Overactive
• Skin darkens

• Under active
• Skin will not darken
• Most severe condition is albinism

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LH, FSH, ICTH sex hormones in males and females
that aid in sperm or egg (gamete) production

• Overactive
• Unknown

• Underactive
• Sterility

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Corticoids inc. blood pressure, inc. food
metabolism and dec. inflammation

• Overactive
• Cushings Syndrome

• Underactive
• Addisons Disease
• Decreased cortisol and/or aldosterone production