African-Americans Migrate

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African-Americans Migrate
African American History Dr. D. Sanders

• Presented By
• Alexis D. Ocasio
• Rohesia C. Hicks

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The Migration of Blacks

• The Great Migration was the migration of
  thousands of African-Americans from the South to
  the North. (1920s)
• African Americans were looking to escape the
  problems of racism in the South and felt they
  could seek out better jobs and an overall better
  life in the North.
• It is estimated that over 1 million African
  Americans participated in this mass movement.

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The Migration of Blacks

• Reasons for this movement
• Brought about by the economic changes by W.W. I
• Empty factory jobs (European Immigrants)
• Southern agriculture undergoing severe
  difficulties
• Constant racism in the SOUTH!!!

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Southern Whites Reaction

• At first, the white South was relieved
• NO MORE blacks!!!
• NO MORE inferiority!!!
• But as the migration grew the whites realized the
  threat it posed
• Many attacked the migrants and those who
  supported them

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More WHITE Reaction

• Fines and jail time was given to supporters of
  the migrants
• People were stopped, accused, and threatened if
  they helped
• Licenses to recruit required 1,000 or jail time
  for sixty days
• In Macon, Georgia, the fee was 25,000

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White Reaction Escalates

• People come back from the war with NO JOB!!!
• the blacks have taken over
• NORTHERN WHITES become RACIST towards the BLACKS
• VIOLENCE BROKE OUT!!!!!!
• Race riots of 1919
• Bombing of black owned houses
• Lynching

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NATIONAL RIOT!!!

• Washington, D.C. in late July
• A light skinned black crossed and passed the
  color line at a local beach
• WHITES drowned the BLACK MAN
• The white POLICE officer refused to arrest the
  white killers
• BLACKS REVOLT against the POLICEMAN!!
• Little was done about AUTHORITY until BLACKS
  armed themselves

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Emergence of a BLACK LEADERSHIP

• The year 1919 marked a turning point in AMERICAN
  HISTORY!!
• As far as racial violence is concerned, blacks
  openly fought back in greater numbers than ever
• The NEW NEGRO was born
• Great Migration created the 1st mass national
  movement among African blacks

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EMERGENCE OF MARCUS GARVEY

• A West Indian black who came to the USA
• His message was based on the conviction that
  blacks must create their own Independent
  Nation!!!
• WHY????
• Because they would never receive justice in a
  WHITE MANS country
• Attracted many West Indians at first but it
  eventually appealed to many emigrant SOUTHERN
  BLACKS
• NORTHERN PROMISED LAND offered neither PROMISE
  nor LAND!!!!

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MARCUS GARVEY

• Proposed to set up a ZION in Africa, the
  ancestral homeland of black people
• OPPRESSION of GARVEY
• Opposed by both WHITE and BLACK, GARVEY was
  convicted of questionable offenses
• He was in prison and then deported

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CHICAGO DEFENDER

• Robert S. Abbot in 1905 founded
• Accurate account of information showing why
  blacks left the SOUTH
• Chicago, Cleveland, New York, New Jersey,
  Indiana, Detroit
• Chicagos population tripled

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ACCOUNT 1
Pages 232-240

• Dear Sir I have learned of the splendid work
  which you are doing in placing colored men in
  touch with industrial opportunities. I therefore
  write you to ask if you have an opening anywhere
  for me. I am a college graduate and understand
  Bookkeeping. But I am not above hard labor in a
  foundry or other establishment. Please let me
  know if you can place me.

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ACCOUNT 2

• Dear Sir I am a reader of the Chicago Defender.
  I am writing to see if you all will please get
  me a job. And Sir I can wash dishes, was iron
  nursing world in a groceries and dry good stores.
  Just any of these I can do. Sir, who so ever
  you get the job from please tell them to send me
  a ticket and I will pay them. When I get their
  as I have not enough money to pay my way. I am a
  girl of 17 years old and in the 8 grade at Knox
  Academy School. But an account of not having
  money enough I had to stop school. Sir I will
  thank you all with my all my heart. May God
  Bless you all. Please answer in return mail.

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• HOW DO THESE ACCOUNTS MAKE U FEEL!!!!!?????

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and now THE HARLEM RENNAISAINCE

• It was a cultural nationalistic movement caused
  by the GREAT MIGRATION
• "something like a spiritual emancipation.
• originally called the NEW NEGRO MOVEMENT
• The H.R. was a literary and intellectual
  flowering that fostered a new black cultural
  identity in the 1920s and 1930s
• "spiritual coming of age" in which the black
  community was able to seize upon its "first
  chances for group expression and self
  determination."

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HARLEM RENNAISAINCE

• The Harlem Renaissance transformed
  African-American identity and history
• Also transformed American culture in general
• Never before had so many Americans read the
  thoughts of African-Americans and embraced the
  African-American community's productions,
  expressions, and style

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Harlem Renaissance

• Black Migration, south to north, changed their
  image from rural to urban, from peasant to
  sophisticate
• Harlem became a crossroads where blacks
  interacted with and expanded their contacts
  internationally
• A rich source for racial imagination and it freed
  the blacks from the establishment of past
  condition

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ART/JAZZ

• Archibald J. Motley Jr. depicted contemporary
  black social nightlife in the city
• Chicagos Bronzeville neighborhood, also known
  as the Black Belt, became home to more than 90
  percent of the citys black population by the
  1930s
• Nightlife, one of Bronzevilles many nightspots,
  figures seem to have left the worlds troubles
  behind.
• Inside the club, there is nothing but exuberant,
  upbeat energy. The dancers pulsing, jumping
  movements are suggestive of jazz.

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BLACK POETS SING

• Countee Cullen
• Langston Hughes

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Countee Cullen

• Cullen, Countee , 190346, American poet, writer
  of the Harlem Renaissance
• a flowering of black artistic and literary talent
  in the 1920s
• Cullen wrote poetry inspired by American black
  life.
• His technique was conventional, modeled on that
  of John Keats, and his mood passed from racial
  pride and optimism in the 1920s to sadness and
  disappointment in the 1930s.
• Among his volumes of verse are Color (1925),
  Copper Sun (1927), The Ballad of the Brown Girl
  (1927), and On These I Stand (1947).

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Countee Cullen

• Incident
• Once riding in old Baltimore,Heart-filled,
  head-filled with gleeI saw a BaltimoreanKeep
  looking straight at me.Now I was eight and very
  small,And he was no whit bigger,And so I
  smiled, but he poked outHis tongue, and called
  me, "Nigger."I saw the whole of BaltimoreFrom
  May until DecemberOf all the things that
  happened thereThat's all that I remember.

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Langston Hughes

• Joplin, Missouri, was a member of an abolitionist
  family.
• first published poem was "The Negro Speaks of
  Rivers
• poems, short plays, essays and short stories
  appeared in the NAACP publication Crisis Magazine
  and other publications.
• sixteen books of poems, two novels, three
  collections of short stories, four volumes of
  "editorial" and "documentary" fiction, twenty
  plays, children's poetry, musicals and operas,
  three autobiographies, a dozen radio and
  television scripts and dozens of magazine
  articles and edited seven anthologies.
• died of cancer on May 22, 1967.
• East 127th Street was renamed "Langston Hughes
  Place" by New York City Preservation Commission.

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Ku Klux

• They took me outTo some lonesome place.They
  said, "Do you believeIn the great white
  race?"I said, "Mister,To tell you the
  truth,I'd believe in anythingIf you'd just turn
  me loose."The white man said, "Boy,Can it
  beYou're a-standin' thereA-sassin' me?"They
  hit me in the headAnd knocked me down.And then
  they kicked me On the ground.A Klansman said,
  "Nigger,Look me in the face--And tell me you
  believe inThe great white race."

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CONCLUSION

• SUMMARIZE CHAPTER
• MM Survey Quiz/Review
• QUESTIONS/ANSWERS

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CREATED BY Alexis D Ocasio Rohesia Hicks