Ecology is the study of

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Ecology is the study of

• plants.
• animals.
• global climate change.
• relationships between organisms and their
  environment.
• plants and animals.

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An environmentally sustainable society

• manages its economy and population size without
  doing irreparable environmental harm.
• satisfies the needs of its people by harvesting
  without depleting Earth's capital.
• protects the prospects of future generations of
  humans and other species.
• meets the needs of its people without
  jeopardizing the needs of future generations.
• all of these answers.

4
All of the following illustrate exponential
growth except

• the king who promised to double the number of
  grains of wheat he put on each successive square
  of a checkerboard.
• human population growth.
• driving 10 mph for one minute then 20 mph for
  one minute then 30 mph for one minute then 40
  mph for one minute.
• money in a savings account.
• bacteria population growth.

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Most of the environmental problems we face are

• increasing linearly.
• decreasing linearly.
• increasing exponentially.
• decreasing exponentially.
• are neither increasing nor decreasing.

6
The market value in dollars of goods and services
produced in a country for use within a year is the

• gross national product.
• gross domestic product.
• per capital GNP.
• per capita GDP.
• gross growth product.

7
Which of the following generalizations about
developing countries is true?

• They make up about one-tenth of the world's
  population.
• They have high average GNPs per person.
• They include the USA, Canada, Japan, the former
  Soviet Union, and European countries.
• They use about 12 of the world's resources.
• They are highly industrialized.

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Which of the following statements about developed
countries is true?

• They make up about one-fifth of the world's
  population.
• They have low to moderate GNPs per person.
• They are primarily in Africa, Asia, and Latin
  America.
• They tend to be highly agricultural.
• They use about eighty five percent of the world's
  resources.

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About ____ of the world's human population lives
in the developing countries.

• 50
• 60
• 70
• 80
• 90

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Which of the following is not a renewable
resource?

• groundwater
• trees in a forest
• fertile soil
• oil
• crops

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Use of a natural resource based on sustainable
yield applies to

• renewable resources.
• nonrenewable resources.
• perpetual resources.
• amenity resources.
• recycling.

12
Which of the following best describes the concept
of environmental degradation?

• using solar power at a rapid rate
• using oil to make gasoline
• cutting trees for wood products
• letting agricultural runoff cause oxygen
  depletion and fish kills downstream
• All of these answers.

13
Which of the following statements best
illustrates the tragedy of the commons?

• A factory pollutes a river as much as the law
  allows.
• Some levels of pollution are life threatening.
• Some activities harm the environment, but others
  do not.
• Irrigated cropland can be ruined by salinization.
• Cropland can decrease biodiversity.

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Resources that are called nonrenewable

• are also called perpetual resources.
• are only resources that are alive.
• are capable of economic depletion.
• include fertile soil and clean water.
• can be recycled or reused.

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When a resource is economically depleted, we can

• recycle or reuse existing supplies.
• waste less.
• develop substitutes.
• All of these answers.
• None of these answers.

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Effects of pollution might include

• being unable to see the top of skyscrapers
  because of the smog.
• acid rain-induced destruction of a statue in your
  city park.
• spread of disease from an open dump.
• fish kills in lakes and streams.
• All of these answers.

17
Point sources of pollution include all of the
following except

• an automobile tailpipe.
• a factory smokestack.
• a drainpipe from a power plant.
• runoff from cropland.
• runoff from a stockyard.

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Nonpoint sources of pollution include all of the
following except

• pesticides dispersed by airplane and wind onto a
  crop.
• runoff from a stockyard.
• a smokestack from a power plant.
• fertilizer runoff from lawns.
• runoff from a cropland.

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Which of the following is not important in
determining the damage produced by a pollutant?

• concentration
• persistence
• origin
• chemical nature
• rate of degradation

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Pollution cleanup efforts can be ineffective
because

• they often transfer pollutants from one part of
  the environment to another.
• once pollutants are dispersed, it costs too much
  to reduce them to acceptable levels.
• they can be overwhelmed by growth in population
  and consumption.
• All of these answers.
• None of these answers.

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Because the environment and economy are
intimately linked, improving the environmental
quality is good for the economy. Thus, the ____
revolution is also a(an) ____ revolution.

• technology sustainability
• sustainability technology
• sustainability economic
• cultural sustainability
• sustainability cultural

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Which of the following categories includes the
others?

• labor
• natural resources
• economic resources
• manufactured capital
• food

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If price, supply, and demand are the only factors
involved, the demand and supply curves

• run parallel to each other.
• are reciprocals of each other.
• intersect at the market equilibrium.
• are straight lines that run in opposite
  directions.
• None of these answers.

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Environmentally sustainable development focuses on

• controlling human population size and resource
  use so carrying capacity is not exceeded.
• eliminating the national debt.
• maximizing the flow of matter and energy
  resources.
• minimizing pollution costs.
• maximizing pollution costs.

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Realistically, our goal for most pollutants
should not be zero pollution because

• it is too costly.
• nature can handle some of the pollution.
• some businesses would go bankrupt.
• All of these answers.
• None of these answers.

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Which of the following is not a strategy
recommended by ecological environmental
economists to help make the transition to a more
sustainable eco-economy?

• find resource substitutes
• use eco-labeling
• use subsidy shifting
• utilize tax shifting
• sell services instead of things

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All of the following are environmental indicators
of quality of life except

• genuine progress indicator (GPI).
• real gross national product (real GNP).
• human development index (HDI).
• net national product (NNP).
• None of these answers.

28
All of the following are internal costs of an
automobile except

• maintenance and repair.
• gasoline
• pollution and health.
• raw materials and labor.
• oil.

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All of the following behaviors would increase the
external costs of operating a car except

• disconnecting the air pollution control system.
• throwing a cigarette butt out the window.
• blaring the radio at a stoplight.
• tuning the motor.
• having an accident.

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External costs of owning a car are paid for by
all of the following except higher

• taxes.
• health insurance premiums.
• prices.
• health costs.
• None of these answers.

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Internalizing external costs

• involves making the market price approach the
  true cost of an economic good.
• fails to include the cost of pollution.
• omits the costs of taxes.
• increases the chance for environmental
  degradation.
• None of these answers.

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A drawback to implement environmental taxes and
fees is

• penalizes low-income groups unless safety nets
  are provided
• encourages full-cost pricing
• does not provide incentives to business to do
  better and save money
• cannot easily be administered by existing tax
  agencies
• it is difficult to detect cheaters

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Most studies of the effects of environmental
regulation on U.S. businesses indicate they have

• discouraged efficient use of resources.
• encouraged innovative products.
• decreased profits.
• increased costs.
• increased profits.

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The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) measures

• rate of alternative energy use
• ability to integrate economic and human
  development with sound natural resource
  management
• quality of life instead of economic growth
• sustainable resource use within a country
• total output of goods and services of a nation
  over a one-year period.

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Knowing that our understanding of nature and the
consequences of our actions is quite limited is a
demonstration of ____.

• The humility principle
• The reversibility principle
• The precautionary principle
• The prevention principle
• The environmental justice principle

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When substantial evidence indicates that an
activity threatens human health or the
environment, take measure to prevent or reduce
such harm, even if some of the cause-and-effect
relationship are not fully established
scientifically. This is an example of ____.

• The humility principle
• The integrative principle
• The precautionary principle
• The prevention principle
• The environmental justice principle

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The U.S. government creates and implements
policies, which are composed of

• laws passed by the legislative branch.
• funding to implement laws and regulations.
• regulations instituted by the executive branch to
  put laws into effect.
• All of these answers.
• None of these answers.

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Individual's influence and change government
policies in constitutional democracies by

• voting.
• lobbying.
• freely expressing public opinion.
• participating in grass-roots activities.
• All of these answers.

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The first step in establishing an environmental
policy is

• securing sufficient funds to develop a public
  relations campaign.
• convincing lawmakers that there is a problem.
• developing a cohesive approach to the problem.
• securing support for your position.
• education of the public.

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Most federal public land is located

• in the Western United States.
• in Alaska.
• in the Northeast United States.
• in National Parks.
• None of the above.

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Environmental law

• is the fastest-growing sector of the American
  legal profession.
• is practiced in about 100 public interest law
  firms and groups.
• is a specialty of over 20,000 attorneys.
• sets standards for pollution.
• All of these answers.

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The effectiveness of environmental lawsuits is
limited by

• difficulty of proving defendant is liable and
  responsible for a harmful action.
• length of time for court proceedings.
• lack of recovery of attorneys' fees by public
  interest law firms.
• All of these answers.
• None of these answers.

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Compared to national- and state-level
environmental organizations, grassroots groups

• are less willing to compromise.
• are fighting immediate threats to their families'
  lives.
• want pollution stopped.
• want pollution prevented.
• All of these answers.

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The environmental movement currently faces

• federal laws sensitive to risk-benefit analyses.
• a coalition of anti-environmental grass-roots
  groups.
• stepped-up lobbying against environmental laws
  and regulations.
• All of these answers.
• b and c only.

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Which of the following is synonymous with an
anthropocentric worldview?

• Self-centered
• Human-centered
• Life-centered
• Ecosystem-centered
• Earth-centered

46
Planetary management worldviews include all of
the following variations except

• spaceship-Earth.
• free-market school.
• "no problem" school.
• ecocentrism.
• stewardship.

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People calling for more stewardship generally
believe that

• pure capitalism should be used to make our
  economic decisions.
• better science and technology can fix our
  problems.
• an ethical responsibility to "tend our garden"
  would improve most technological-economic growth
  worldviews.
• a mixture of market-based competition, improved
  technology, and government intervention can solve
  our problems.
• All of these answers.

48
Which of the following worldviews is most likely
to support the view that most public property
should be turned over to private ownership?

• "no problem" school
• free-market global economy
• responsible planetary management
• stewardship
• ecocentrism

49
Which of the following worldviews is based on a
belief in the least government interference?

• "no problem" school
• free-market school
• responsible planetary management
• stewardship
• ecocentrism

50
Species which have a right to life regardless of
their usefulness to humans have

• net worth.
• aesthetic value.
• instrumental value.
• inherent value.
• dollar value.

51
Which of the following beliefs does not
characterize a life-centered worldview?

• Human ingenuity can fix any problems we face.
• Earth has limited resources.
• Ever-increasing production will severely stress
  earth's systems.
• Earth has limited capability to absorb human
  pollutants.
• Ever-increasing consumption will severely stress
  earth's systems.

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An environmental-wisdom worldview is
characterized by all of the following except

• seeing the world as an integrated,
  interconnected, interdependent whole rather than
  as a fragmented collection of parts.
• seeing our most fundamental value as maintaining
  earth's life-support systems.
• believing that all types of economic growth are
  important for alleviating poverty.
• seeing the need for less competition and more
  cooperation in building relationships.
• some forms of economic growth are environmentally
  beneficial and some are not.

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Which of the following lifestyle guidelines is
incompatible with deep ecology?

• Work to eliminate injustice to humans and other
  species.
• Appreciate diversity.
• Protect local ecosystems.
• Satisfy human needs and wants in all cultures.
• Restore local ecosystems.