Bujar Seiti, Dritan Topi, Alketa Lame

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ECOHYDROLOGY HYDROBIOLOGY
The evaluation of Environmental Situation due to
the Oil Industry Activity in Albania

• Bujar Seiti, Dritan Topi, Alketa Lame
• Spiro Drushku, Eduard Andoni
• 1Department of Chemistry,
• 2Department of Chemical Engineering and Food
  Technology,
• Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of
  Tirana, Blv.Zogu i Ire,
• Tirana, Albania
• BALWOIS, 2010

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Oil industry and the environment

• Albania shows a high diversity for natural
  energetic sources.
• The intense use for some of them shows a high
  productivity.
• The crude oil actually plays an important role in
  the Albanian Economy.
• Just to mention that in the energetic balance of
  our country, the energetic hydrocarbon sources
  are approximately 62 .
• This study has analyzed the soil contamination
  levels of approx. 1500 oil sludge pools with a
  combined area of 95 ha.
• Impacts on soil are assessed as serious.
• Apart from the environmental impact, the sludge
  pools form an environmental risk and safety risk.

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Oil Industry in Albania

• The Oil Industry operates in a vast territory,
  mainly concentrated to the Western part of
  Albania, to the regions of Fieri, Ballshi,
  Vlora, Kuçova, etc.
• Oil refining industry includes
• Oil Deep Refining Plant, located in Ballshi and
• Oil Refining Plant, located in Fieri.
• The total Oil Processing capacity reach 1.5
  million ton y-1.
• Annually Crude Oil Production is approx. 520
  thousand tones.

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The Area of the Oil industry operation in Albania
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Scope of the paper

• This study takes in analyze actual situation on
  the soil contamination by Oil Industry operations
  in
• The major oilfields of Marineza, Sheqishta,
  Ballshi, Patosi and Gorishti and
• The processing centers O.D.R.P. Ballshi O.R.P.
  Fieri
• The main factors which play a key role in that
  issue are
• oil wells,
• the well bench (the centers of collection of
  crude oil),
• the decanting plants,
• the pipelines for the transport of crude oil, and
  
• Energy Black Outs etc.
• Gives proposals on environmental measures on
  rehabilitation and preventing schemes for those
  areas.

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The criteria selected for the evaluation of
environmental pollution

• The first criteria to give a pollution situation
  are the measured values.
• The second criteria the density of objects in the
  oil industry gives interferences among them.
  (Marinza, Sheqishta, Visoka, decanting plants,
  Marusha Lake, etc.)
• The third criteria is geographical position.

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The Oil field Marinza
Size of contaminated area by decantation plant
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Crude oil content

• The penetration levels in soil reach 0.3m around
  the oil well, and till 0.8 under the polluted
  area of oil well groups and the decanting plants
  in the Patosi-Marinza oilfield.
• Actually are in function close to 165 oil well
  groups and their impact in soil contamination is
  considerably high.
• The reservoirs of oil collection in these groups
  show high scale of corroding.
• The decanting plants are problematic regarding to
  the environmental pollution in report with their
  number.
• The effect of the pollution of soil from these
  plants is too high.

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The values of crude oil content in depth 0.3m
soil to decanting plants
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The surface waters pollution

• The Gjanica River water (downstream of Usoja
  plant in µg/l )
• Total petroleum hydrocarbon Up to 16.000
• Benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene and xylenes Up
  to 1.000
• Phenol Up to 290
• The Semani River water pollution to the activity
  area
• Total hydrocarbons Up to 140
• Benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene and xylenes Up
  to 23
• Phenol Up to 140

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The evaluation of the environmental
monitoring in Oilfield Marinza

• The Oilfield of Marinza covers an area of 25000
  ha and that is considered the most contaminated
  area in Oil Drillings Industry. The contaminated
  soils are heterogonous.
• Decanting Plants are the main contributor in
  contamination.
• The actual size of the contaminated area is 320
  000 m2 and average pollution area per oil well is
  approx. 620 m2.
• The depth of penetration of the crude oil varies
  0.2-0.3m.
• The amount of oil leaked by the Marinza Oilfield
  is approx. 5210 m3 oil y-1.
• The hydric system includes the Roskoveci-Hoxhara
  Collector.

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The Environmental situation in the Oilfield of
Sheqishti

• The Oilfield of Sheqishta covers an area of 400
  ha.
• In total the estimated polluted surface is
  approx. 116 000 m2. The high pollution level is
  represented not uniformly
• The penetration rate of oil varies in 0.1-0.35 m.
  
• The amount of oil that need to be evaded is
  estimated approx. 610 m3.
• The decanting plant, which is the main pollution
  site, is situated in Marinza.
• The hydric system is considered polluted

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Impacts on natural environment, Patosi

• The polluted area of the Patosi oilfield is
  approx. 125 000 m2.
• The depth of penetration of crude oil is 0.3 m.
  In part of oil wells pools are filled with oil,
  and the its amount is approx 320 m3.
• The soil contamination in the Patosi and Visoka
  oilfields is evident.
• The technology of exploitation dictates the use
  of thinner injection prior to the extraction of
  crude oil from the oil well.
• Failures in principal pipelines and secondary
  pipelines, and big amounts of crude oil are
  discharged in environment.
• The pollution is not uniform and is similar with
  the Sheqishta region.
• In the Visoka region the environmental pollution
  is uniform and the main contributor of pollution
  is the decanting plant.

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The surface waters pollution

• In total the discharges from the MarinzaOilfield
  are
• approx. 5210 m3 oil y-1.
• approx. 288350m3 y-1 polluted water
• In total the discharges from the Sheqishti
  Oilfield are
• approx. 770m3 oil y-1.
• The collector of Roskoveci-Hoxhara is discharged
  approx. 182500 m3 y-1 polluted water
• In total the discharges from the Patosi Oilfield
  are
• approx. 1349 m3 oil y-1.
• approx. 102350 m3 y-1 polluted water
• In total the discharges from the Gorrishti
  Oilfield are approx. 135 000 m3 y-1 polluted
  water
• In total the discharges from the Kuçova
  Oilfield are approx. 6618 m3 y-1 polluted water

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The environmental Impacts by Ballshi Oilfield

• The Ballshi-Hekali and Cakrani-Mollaj oilfield
  are situated in South-West of Ballshi city.
• The water system is constituted by many water
  bodies Gjanica River, Marusha Reservoir, etc.
• The oilfield area for each of them is
  approximately 4600 ha.
• The soil pollution of this oilfield is different
  by the Marinza oilfield.
• This plant covers an area of 500 m2 contaminated
  by crude oil and mixture crude oil/water.
• In contrast to that the Usoja decanting plant is
  in general quite clean.

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Impacts on natural environment, by Gorrishti
Oilfield

• The Gorrishti-Koculi Oilfield covers an area of
  18-20 km in South of Vlora city. The water system
  includes the Vjosa River.
• The soil contamination of Gorrishti-Koculi is
  considered low.
• The soil quality is acceptable and the oil well
  groups do not discharge the waters in
  environment.
• Considerable area in this plant is estimated to
  be 2670 m2.

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Impacts on Natural Environment, Q.P.N. KUÇOVA

•  The oilfield of Kuçova is approx. 3000 ha.
• The water system includes the Osumi and Devolli
  Rivers.
• In that oilfield in general the groups are
  considered clean.
• The area for every oil well reach 850 m2 and
  approx. 30 is considered polluted.

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The pollution in the Ballshi region

• The oil industry in that region (Kashi and Usoja)
  is the main contributor of hydric systems like
  Gjanica River, Marusha Lake.
• The decanting plant of Usoja works with closed
  system, consequently the contamination is in
  lower scale.
• The maximal values resulted above the standards.
• The pollution in the Gorrishti region comes due
  to the over exploitation of that oilfield.
• Main pollution is situated to the decanting
  plant, groups and oil wells the decanting plant
  gives the main contribution in the pollution of
  the Vjosa river.

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Conclusions

• The soil and water system in these territories is
  considered polluted and makes a concern for the
  inhabitants and employers of the Industry and
  especially the Patosi-Marinza oilfield.
• In the main part of the year these values are
  above the standards.
• A considerable number of decanting crude oil
  plants are with highly amortized and corrosion,
  especially the decanting plant of Marinza,
  Sheqishta, Gorrishti and Kashi.
• In general the Kuçova Oilfield is considered in
  better conditions compared to other Oilfields.
• The Crude Oil Collection Groups are generally in
  deteriorated conditions, especially the
  reservoirs of the crude oil collection.
• The pipeline system used for the transporting of
  crude oil, in many sites is corroded, hence many
  leaks are present.
• The pollution impacted by oil industry in aquatic
  system has impacted the Adriatic Sea and the
  Delta rivers of Semani and Vjosa.

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Conclusions

• Main source of pollution is the drilling activity
  and crude oil processing industry.
• The deposition of crude oil in decanting plants
  dont fit the conditions for adequate processing.
• Non optimal functioning of the separators in
  water removal from the crude oil.
• The lack of implementation of laws for
  environmental protection, gives way the discharge
  of water and gas effluents directly to the
  environment.
• An active role play subjective factors, like pond
  congestion on the decanting plants over the
  capacity.
• Negligence on remounting processes in the oil
  industry, and
• Lack of the harmonization between the demands for
  growth production in respect to environment
  conservation.

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Recommendations

• Need for the technology renovation.
• Implementing of closed systems in Oil Processing
  Industry.
• Averting of water effluent discharges by the oil
  well territories and injection to the exhausted
  oil well layers.
• Reactivation of the treatment plants as well as
  oil separators for the technological water
  effluents close to drilling and refining centers
  prior to reach Sea.
• The ongoing monitoring to implement the standards
  on discharges for environmental pollution
  according to the legal norms.
• Periodic examinations of working staff to protect
  their health.
• Necessity that this solid wastes to be recycled
  as energy sources in future.

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Thank you