OUR TECHNOLOGY

1
Shemical
Safety, Health Environment Chemicals
OUR TECHNOLOGY NBCM as a Fire Extinguishing
Medium
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Shemical
Safety, Health Environment Chemicals
FIVE CLASSES OF FIRE

• There are four types of fire commonly seen, and
  one type rarely seen in the United States. They
  are described as below
• Class A
• These fires involve ordinary combustible
  materials as fuel, such as wood, paper, plastics,
  rubber and cloth.
• Class B
• These fires involve flammable and combustible
  liquids such as gasoline, alcohol, diesel oil,
  oil based paints, lacquers, etc, and flammable
  gas.
• Class C
• These are fires involved energized electrical
  equipment. When the electricity is cut off, these
  fires are treated as a Class A or Class B type.

        
 
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Shemical
Safety, Health Environment Chemicals
EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL FIRE EXTINGUISHING MEDIUMS

• A fire extinguisher may emits a solid, liquid or
  gaseous chemical. Below are some of the common
  fire extinguishing mediums for fire
  extinguishers.
• Water
• Water is the most common chemical for class A
  fires and is quite effective as one would
  imagine. Water has a great effect on cooling the
  fuel surfaces and thereby reducing the pyrolysis
  rate of the fuel. The gaseous effect is minor for
  extinguishers, but water fog nozzles used by fire
  brigades creates water droplets small enough to
  be able to extinguish flaming gases as well. The
  smaller the droplets, the bigger the gaseous
  effect.
• Most water based extinguishers also contain
  traces of other chemicals to prevent the
  extinguisher rusting. Some also contain
  surfactants which help the water penetrate deep
  into the burning material and cling better to
  steep surfaces.
• Water may or may not help extinguishing class B
  fires. It depends on whether or not the liquid's
  molecules are polar molecules. If the liquid that
  is burning is polar (such as alcohol), there
  won't be any problem. If the liquid is nonpolar
  (such as large hydrocarbons, like petroleum), the
  water will merely spread the flames around.
• Similarly, water sprayed on an electrical fire
  (US Class C, UK Class E) will probably cause
  the operator to receive an electric shock.
  (However, if the power can be reliably
  disconnected and a carbon dioxide or halon
  extinguisher is not available, clean water will
  actually cause less damage to electrical
  equipment than will either foam or dry powders).
  Special spray nozzles, equipped with tiny
  rotating devices called spiracles will replace
  the continuous water jet with a succession of
  droplets, greatly increasing the resistivity of
  the jet. These shall however be used by skilled
  personnel, since improper handling of the nozzle
  may restore continuity of the water jet.

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Shemical
Safety, Health Environment Chemicals
EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL FIRE EXTINGUISHING MEDIUMS

• Foams
• Foams are commonly used on class B fires, and are
  also effective on class A fires. These are mainly
  water based, with a foaming agent so that the
  foam can float on top of the burning liquid and
  break the interaction between the flames and the
  fuel surface. Ordinary foams are designed to work
  on nonpolar flammable liquids such as petrol
  (gasoline), but may break down too quickly in
  polar liquids such as alcohol or glycol.
  Facilities which handle large amounts of
  flammable polar liquids use a specialized
  "alcohol foam" instead. Alcohol foams must be
  gently "poured" across the burning liquid. If the
  fire cannot be approached closely enough to do
  this, they should be sprayed onto an adjacent
  solid surface so that they run gently onto the
  burning liquid. Ordinary foams work better if
  "poured" but it is not critical.
• A "protein foam" was used for fire suppression in
  aviation crashes until the 1960s development of
  "light water", also known as "Aqueous
  Film-Forming Foam" (or AFFF). Carbon dioxide
  (later sodium bicarbonate) extinguishers were
  used to knock down the flames and foam used to
  prevent re-ignition of the fuel fumes. "Foaming
  the runway" can reduce friction and sparks in a
  crash landing, and protein foam continued to be
  used for that purpose, although FAA regulations
  prohibited reliance upon its use for suppression.
• Wet potassium salts (Wet Chemical)
• Most class F (class K in the US) extinguishers
  contain a solution of potassium acetate,
  sometimes with some potassium citrate or
  potassium bicarbonate. The extinguishers spray
  the agent out as a fine mist. The mist acts to
  cool the flame front, while the potassium salts
  saponify the surface of the burning cooking oil,
  producing a layer of foam over the surface. This
  solution thus provides a similar blanketing
  effect to a foam extinguisher, but with a greater
  cooling effect. The saponification only works on
  animal fats and vegetable oils, so class F
  extinguishers cannot be used for class B fires.
  The misting also helps to prevent splashing the
  blazing oil.

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Shemical
Safety, Health Environment Chemicals
EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL FIRE EXTINGUISHING MEDIUMS

• Phosphorous tribromide
• Like Halon, phosphorus tribromide is a flame
  chemistry poison, marketed under the brand name
  PhostrEx. PhostrEx is a liquid which needs a
  propellant, such as compressed nitrogen and/or
  helium, to disperse onto a fire. As a fire
  extinguisher PhostrEx is much more potent than
  Halon making it particularly appealing for
  aviation use as a lightweight substitute. Unlike
  Halon, PhostrEx reacts quickly with atmospheric
  moisture to break down into phosphorus acid and
  hydrogen bromide, neither of which harm the
  earth's ozone layer.
• High concentrations of PhostrEx can cause skin
  blistering and eye irritation, but since so
  little is needed to put out flames this problem
  is not a significant risk, especially in
  applications where dispersal is confined within
  an engine compartment. Any skin or eye contact
  with PhostrEx should be rinsed with ordinary
  water as soon as practical. PhostrEx is not
  especially corrosive to metals, although it can
  tarnish some. The U.S. EPA and FAA both approved
  PhostrEx, and the substance will find its first
  major use in Eclipse Aviations jet aircraft as
  an engine fire suppression system.
• Fluorocarbons
• Recently, DuPont has begun marketing several
  nearly saturated fluoroarons under the trademarks
  FE-13, FE-25, FE-36, FE-227, and FE-241. These
  materials are claimed to have all the
  advantageous properties of halons, but lower
  toxicity, and zero ozone depletion potential.
  They require about 50 greater concentration for
  equivalent fire quenching.

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Shemical
Safety, Health Environment Chemicals
EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL FIRE EXTINGUISHING MEDIUMS

• Halons
• Halons are very versatile extinguishers. They
  will extinguish most types of fire except class D
  K/F and are highly effective even at quite low
  concentrations (less than 5). Halon is a poor
  extinguisher for Class A fires, a nine pound
  Halon extinguisher only receives a 1-A rating and
  tends to be easily deflected by the wind. They
  are the only fire extinguishing agents that are
  quite suitable for discharge in aircraft (as
  other materials pose a corrosion hazard to the
  aircraft). Halon fire-suppression systems are
  also incorporated into some armored fighting
  vehicles, such as the M1 Abrams tank. The major
  extinguishing effect is by disturbing the thermal
  balance of the flame, and to a small extent by
  inhibiting the chemical reaction of the fire.
  Halons are chlorofluorocarbons causing damage to
  the ozone layer and are being phased out for more
  environmentally-friendly alternatives. Halon fire
  extinguishers may cost upwards of 800 US dollars
  due to production and import restrictions.
• Halon extinguishers used to be widely used in
  vehicles and computer suites. It is mildly toxic
  in confined spaces, but to a far less extent than
  its predecessors such as carbon tetrachloride,
  chlorobromomethane and methyl bromide.
• Since 1992 the sale and service of Halon
  extinguishers has been made illegal in Canada due
  to environmental concerns except for in a few
  rare cases, as per the Montreal Protocol.
• Specialized materials for Class D
• Class D fires involve extremely high temperatures
  and highly reactive fuels. For example, burning
  magnesium metal breaks water down to hydrogen gas
  and causes an explosion breaks halon down to
  toxic phosgene and fluorophosgene and may cause a
  rapid phase transition explosion and continues
  to burn even when completely smothered by
  nitrogen gas or carbon dioxide (in the latter
  case, also producing toxic carbon monoxide).
  Consequently, there is no one type of
  extinguisher agent that is approved for

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Shemical
Safety, Health Environment Chemicals
EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL FIRE EXTINGUISHING MEDIUMS

• all class D fires rather, there are several
  common types and a few rarer ones, and each must
  be compatibility approved for the particular
  hazard being guarded. Additionally, there are
  important differences in the way each one is
  operated, so the operators must receive special
  training. Some example class D chemistries
  include
• Finely granulated sodium chloride and graphite
  applied by a shaker, scoop or shovel. Suitable
  for sodium, potassium, magnesium, titanium,
  aluminum, and most other metal fires.
• Finely powdered graphite, applied with a long
  handled scoop, is preferred for fires in fine
  powders of reactive metals, where the blast of
  pressure from an extinguisher may stir up the
  powder and cause a dust explosion. Graphite both
  smothers the fire and conducts away heat.
• Finely powdered copper propelled by compressed
  argon is the currently preferred method for
  lithium fires. It smothers the fire, dilutes the
  fuel, and conducts away heat. It is capable of
  clinging to dripping molten lithium on vertical
  surfaces. Graphite can also be used on lithium
  fires but only on a level surface.
• Other materials sometimes used include powdered
  sodium carbonate, powdered dolomite and argon
  gas.
• As a very poor last resort dry sand may be used
  to smother a metal fire if nothing else is
  available, applied with a long-handled shovel to
  avoid the operator receiving flash burns. Sand
  is, however, notorious for collecting moisture,
  and even the smallest trace of moisture may
  result in a steam explosion, spattering burning
  molten metal around.

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Shemical
Safety, Health Environment Chemicals
SHE Extinguisher FIRE EXTINGUISHING MEDIUMS

• SHE Extinguisher by Shemical International (USA)
  LLC. combines the knowledge of nanotechnology and
  biotechnology in using the unique colloidal
  chemistry to generate a state of the art
  formulations of the innovative Nano Biotech
  Colloidal Micelles (NBCM). SHE Extinguisher uses
  NBCM which are mild but are amazingly powerful
  colloidal micelles made of Safety, Health and
  Environment Chemicals.
• In the formulation of SHE Extinguisher, it
  consists of NBCM which are very fine molecules
  with spherical aggregate structure which remain
  in suspension indefinitely and are not affected
  by gravity when dispersed in a liquid colloid. It
  is surrounded by a cloud of tightly bound ions.
  The NBCM aggregates form in order to minimize the
  free energy of the solution. They are dynamic but
  equilibrium structures and able to rearrange in
  response to changing environmental conditions.
  They also undergo thermal fluctuations and
  Brownian motion. It works well with hard, soft,
  cold, hot, fresh and salt water.

Illustration of Nano Biotech Colloidal
Micelles. The hydrophobic poles attract to each
other forming interior micelles cluster and the
hydrophilic poles form a powerful outer surface.
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Shemical
Safety, Health Environment Chemicals
SHE Extinguisher FIRE EXTINGUISHING MEDIUMS

• NBCM in SHE Extinguisher can be explained as a
  sub-division of physical chemistry in colloidal
  chemistry comprising of the phenomena
  characteristic of matter when one or more of its
  dimension lie in the range between 1 nanometer
  and 100 nanometer. In this nature of science, the
  dimension of NBCM are more important than the
  nature of the material. In the size range of
  nanometer, the surface area of NBCM are much
  greater than its volume that unusual phenomena of
  colloidal micelles in SHE Extinguisher will occur
  as following
• They have very high wetting property which are
  able to penetrate deep into burning materials.
• They are one of the only fire extinguishing
  mediums which can be applied both on polar
  (alcohol) and non polar (hydrocarbon) flammable
  and combustible liquids.
• They will penetrate and breakdown organic and
  hydrocarbon particles and lift it up
• in nano and micro emulsions without harming the
  working surfaces.
• They do not settle out of the suspension of
  gravity.
• They will be small enough to pass through porous
  surface like burning charcoal.
• They will move in at least one dimension
  randomly.
• They have the velocity that will move endlessly
  without stopping.
• They will reduce the surface tension in water or
  water solutions.
• They are not affected by the hardness of water
  which make them possible to use with either
  freshwater or seawater.

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Shemical
Safety, Health Environment Chemicals
SHE Extinguisher How do NBCM in SHE Extinguisher
work as a fire extinguishing medium?

• SHE Extinguisher as Class A fire extinguisher
• Water is the most common fire extinguishing
  medium for Class A fire extinguisher. SHE
  Extinguisher is a water base fire extinguishing
  medium with very high wetting property which also
  can be used to replace water to cool the fuel
  surfaces and to reduce the pyrolysis rate of
  fuel. The high hydrophilic property of NBCM will
  be able to extinguish flaming gases better than
  using water alone. It will be able to penetrate
  deep into the porous and non porous burning
  materials and thus put off the fire effectively.
• SHE Extinguisher as Class B and Class K fire
  extinguishers
• SHE Extinguisher is a water base fire
  extinguishing medium. SHE Extinguisher with NBCM
  fire extinguishing property is different from
  traditional fire extinguishing technologies. It
  uses the molecular attraction of cationic
  (positive ions) and anionic (negative ions). NBCM
  do not have any ionic groups and do not react
  with hard water ions. They have hydrophilic poles
  and hydrophobic poles. In a colloidal solution,
  if the amount of NBCM are increased, there will
  come to a point where they can no longer
  accumulate at the surface. The NBCM molecules
  will find other ways of shielding their
  hydrophobic tails from water. The NBCM molecules
  will aggregate into a cluster in which the tails
  point inwards. The head groups will form a water
  soluble shell in the outer surface.
• When SHE Extinguisher is in contact with nonpolar
  flammable cooking oil (hydrocarbon) molecules,
  the center of NBCM bonds to a similar hydrophobic
  cooking oil (hydrocarbon). They surround and
  separate (emulsify) cooking oil (hydrocarbon)
  molecules from each other and/or the surface to
  which they cling. Once the cooking oil
  (hydrocarbon) is surrounded and separated through
  the disruption in the attraction to the other
  cooking oil (hydrocarbon) molecules and/or to the
  surface, the flammable cooking oil (hydrocarbon)
  can be put off easily through micro and nano
  emulsification process.
• When SHE Extinguisher is in contact with polar
  flammable liquid (alcohol), the water in it will
  dilute and mix with the alcohol to break the
  interaction between the flames and the surface of
  the liquid. Thus, it will put off the fire
  quickly.

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SHE ExtinguisherHow do NBCM work in nonpolar
fire extinguishing?
Shemical
Safety, Health Environment Chemicals
SHE Extinguisher does not use the following
materials

• Corrosive chemicals
• Petroleum distillates
• Carbon tetrachloride
• Chlorobromomethane
• Methyl bromide
• Carbon dioxide
• Carbon monoxide
• Sodium bicarbonate
• Phosphorus tribromide
• Phosphorus acid
• Hydrogen bromide
• Potassium bicarbonate
• Nitrogen
• Urea
• Monoammonium phosphates

• Ammonium sulphate
• Potassium acetate
• 18. Potassium citrate
• Phosgene
• Fluorophosgene
• Sodium chloride
• Halons (Chloroflurocarbons, CFC)
• Graphite
• Copper
• Argon gas
• Dolomite
• Silica
• Ozone depleting substances
• Helium

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Shemical
Safety, Health Environment Chemicals
SHE Extinguisher How do NBCM work in nonpolar
fire extinguishing?
SHE Extinguisher
NBCM
SHE Extinguisher
surface
surface
Nonpolar liquid
Figure 1. NBCM attack the particle of nonpolar
liquid.
Figure 2. NBCM surround the particle of nonpolar
liquid.
SHE Extinguisher
SHE Extinguisher
surface
surface
Figure 3. NBCM break the particle of nonpolar
liquid.
Figure 4. The particles of nonpolar come off to
the surface remain suspended in the water of
SHE Extinguisher.
represents
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