Diabetes and Obesity

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Diabetes and Obesity

• Type I is simpleno insulin
• Type II is complicatedresistance to insulin
• Factors are multiple
• Lifestyle and culture important
• On the rise, especially in developed or first
  world settings
• The Pima Indian case study

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Traditional and Modern Diets
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Glucose Regulation

• What is diabetes?
• Cells need sugarATP and the Krebs Cycle
• What comes in through the gutbasic nutrition
• Role of liver in processing nutrients, storing
  glucose
• Absorptive Pathways and role of insulin from
  pancreas
• Post-absorptive Pathways
• Understanding Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitusstarvation amidst plenty

• Type I
• Juvenile onset
• Pancreas beta cells die, no insulin produced
• Type II
• Adult onset
• Complicated set of factors, some insulin
  production
• Goalunderstand why we need insulin

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Cells and Glucose

• All cells of body need constant glucose supply,
  especially nervous tissue
• Most other nutrients can be converted into
  glucose or derivatives for making ATP
• ATP is celluar gasoline

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Why not eat just sugar?
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What factors affect diabetes and obesity?

• Weight
• Activity level
• Genetics
• Cultural-social-economic (class?)
• Educational
• Can these be controlled?

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Pima Indian Study

• Pima Indians and Diabetes
• Pima Indians and Breastfeeding
• Pima study to justify low carb diet?

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How Stuff Works Diabetes http//www.howstuffwo
rks.com/diabetes1.htm
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Glucose metabolism

• Liver receives blood from intestines (dont
  forget hepatic portal system
• After meal, in response to insulin from pancreas,
  glucose stored as complex carbohydrate--glycogen--
  in liver
• Between meals, in response to glucagon from
  pancreas, glucose is released
• Pancreas releases insulin when sugar levels in
  blood go up
• Inadequate or zero insulin production results in
  hyperglycemia or high blood sugar
• Overproduction or over-dosing of insulin results
  in hypoglycemia or low blood sugar--insulin shock
• Diabetes is insufficient production of insulin
• Type I--juvenile onset with elimination of Islets
  of langerhans and zero insulin production
• Type II--adult onset with gradual loss of insulin
  production

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