Alaroma-IMR

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• ALAROMA-IMR
• Microencapsulated Mosquito Repellent

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• Why Alaroma IMR

Because of global warming the distribution of
mosquitoes has expanded from tropical regions to
northern latitudes, and that leads to a spread in
sources of viral infection from mosquitoes.
Especially, the West Nile fever virus, which has
infected many people around the world recently,
has become a big issue. To ensure our security
and safety from the future hazards, we need to
equally develop the technology for our
protection. With regard to textiles, the
protective textile field of the smart textiles
has to fulfill this requirement. A Mosquito
repellent textile is one such textile product.
It protects the human beings from the bite of
mosquitoes and thereby promising safety from the
diseases like malaria and Nile fever. To impart
this character a finish of the mosquito repelling
agent is given to the textile material using
Alaroma IMR.
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What problems can be caused by mosquito
bites?Ordinarily, the bites of mosquitoes and
other insects are just a nuisance, although the
bite may cause itching or swelling. The symptoms
of an insect bite can usually be treated with
over-the-counter medications. However, in rare
situations, an insect bite can transmit certain
diseases such as West Nile virus, St. Louis
encephalitis and California (LaCrosse)
encephalitis. Insect-repellent textiles are
considered by public health agencies worldwide to
be an increasingly important component in the
fight to reduce the incidence of insect-borne
infectious diseases such as malaria, West Nile
virus, encephalitis, dengue fever, Lyme Disease
and numerous others. Insect-borne diseases
afflict hundreds of millions of people each year
and represent a significant portion of overall
infectious diseases, which globally rank second
among all causes of death. Vaccines and
therapeutic drugs have yet to be developed to
treat many of these diseases, so preventive
measures must be taken to control these insects
and avoid contact with them.
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• Mosquito Attractants
• Mosquitoes have complex methods of detecting
  hosts and different types of mosquitoes react to
  different stimuli. Most mosquitoes are active at
  dawn and dusk, but there are also mosquitoes that
  seek hosts during the day. You can avoid being
  bitten by making sure you aren't attracting
  mosquitoes, using attractants to lure mosquitoes
  elsewhere, using a repellent, and avoiding
  actions that diminish the effectiveness of the
  repellent.

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Mosquito Attractants Items and activities that
attract mosquitoes as a list of things to avoid
or that can be used as bait to lure mosquitoes
away from you. Dark Clothing Many mosquitoes
use vision to locate hosts from a distance. Dark
clothes and foliage are initial attractants.
Carbon Dioxide You give off more carbon dioxide
when you are hot or have been exercising. A
burning candle or other fire is another source of
carbon dioxide. Lactic Acid You release more
lactic acid when you have been exercising or
after eating certain foods (e.g., salty foods,
high-potassium foods). Floral or Fruity
Fragrances In addition to perfumes, hair
products, and scented sunscreens, watch for the
subtle floral fragrance from fabric softeners and
dryer sheets. Skin Temperature The exact
temperature depends on the type of mosquito. Many
mosquitoes are attracted to the slightly cooler
temperatures of the extremities. Moisture
Mosquitoes are attracted by perspiration because
of the chemicals it contains and also because it
increases the humidity around your body. Even
small amounts of water (e.g., moist plants or mud
puddles) will draw mosquitoes. Standing water
also allows mosquitoes to reproduce.
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What are DEET insect repellents?DEET
(N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) is a versatile and
effective insect repellent. Insect repellents
containingDEET have been used for more than 40
years by millions of people worldwide to repel
mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, biting flies and
chiggers. These products are available in many
formulations, including lotions, creams, gels,
aerosol and pump sprays, and towelettes. Insect
repellents can reduce the risk of mosquito and
tick bites, but products containing DEET must be
used properly.
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• Mechanism of repellent action
• Action of repellent agent for blood-sucking
  insects including mosquitoes can be broadly
  divided into two types which are actions to repel
  insects by acting on the olfactory and tactile
  senses.
• Action of repellent on sense of smell is called
  transpiration repelling, and this has the effect
  of keeping insects away without them touching a
  surface processed with the repellent agent.How it
  works is that repellent molecules block insects
  humidity sensory holes, which makes humans
  inaccessible to insects by inhibiting the
  function of sensing moisture, while insects
  usually use warm and humid convection rising from
  the human body as a guide for contacting humans
  sensing an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide
  concentrations.
• Action of repellent stimulating sense of touch
  is called direct-contact repelling, and this
  drives insects off the processed surface before
  blood sucking even after touching the surface.
  Biting insects use chemical, visual, and thermal
  cues to locate hosts.

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• Mechanism of repellent action
• DEET is believed to work by blocking the
  chemical receptors for carbon dioxide and lactic
  acid, two of the substances released by our
  bodies that serve as attractants. Although DEET
  helps keep insects from locating people, there is
  probably more involved in DEET's effectiveness,
  since mosquitoes won't bite through DEET-treated
  fabric. However, skin only a few centimeters away
  from DEET is susceptible to bites.
• It is believed that repellent substances work on
  insects peripheral nervous systems when contact
  is made, causing a collaterally-expressed
  confusional state and inhibition under sublethal
  doses before knockdown and lethal action.
• L.N. Chemicals anti-mosquito finishing agent,
  Alaroma IMR, has excellent effects based on the
  mechanism of the direct-contact repelling type.
• It can be effective mainly in outdoor-related
  textile products, promoted for garments/tents for
  mountain climbing and trekking and fishing wear
  for outdoors, bedroom curtains, towel blankets,
  pajamas, bedding, garments/gloves for gardening,
  and work clothes for farming.

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What about using DEET repellents on
children? No definitive studies exist in the
scientific literature about what concentration of
DEET is safe for children. No serious illness has
been linked to the use of DEET in children when
used according the product recommendations. The
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on
Environmental Health has recently updated their
recommendation for use of DEET products on
children, citing "Insect repellents containing
DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, also known as
N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) with a
concentration of 10 appear to be as safe as
products with a concentration of 30 when used
according to the directions on the product
labels."
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What about using DEET repellents on children The
AAP and other experts suggest that it is
acceptable to apply repellent with low
concentrations of DEET to infants over 2 months
old. Other guidelines cite that it is acceptable
to use repellents containing DEET on children
over 2 years of age. Repellent products that do
not contain DEET are not likely to offer the same
degree of protection from mosquito bites as
products containing DEET. Non-DEET repellents
have not necessarily been as thoroughly studied
as DEET, and may not be safer for use on
children. Is DEET safe for pregnant or nursing
women? There are no reported adverse events
following use of repellents containing DEET in
pregnant or breastfeeding women.
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Indoor tests application tests under constant
conditionsThis procedure complies with a
protocol which was developed for the Stiftung
Warentest, the German equivalent of the Consumer
Reports in the United States. The test rooms are
air conditioned, and the number, age, and species
of the mosquitoes used in the study can be
controlled. This test is a good alternative field
tests More realistic than cage tests, but
possible at any time and at less expense.
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Tests of insecticide-treated textiles and
surfacesThe effectiveness of insecticide-treated
textiles (such as bed nets, canvas, etc.) or
surfaces is usually studied in standardized cone
bioassays with insecticide-susceptible strains of
the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. The
procedure is promoted by the WHO and other
international and national organizations. In the
case of the evaluation of insecticides with
additional repellent properties, where exposed
mosquitoes might spend more time resting on the
cone and not on the treated surface, alternatives
such as the wire-ball test (wrapping the textile
around a wire frame and introducing mosquitoes
into this ball), cylinder tests (the inside of a
test cylinder is covered with the textile), and
other methods are often applied.Tick
testsEffective protection from ticks, the
carriers of Lyme disease (borreliosis) and
tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), is becoming
increasingly important. This is why, in
collaboration with tick specialists, we also
offer efficacy tests with ticks. We cater for all
requirements from basic in vitro lab tests
(moving object assays) to lab tests with human
subjects and field studies.
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Cone test of an insecticide-treated
textile.Mosquitoes (usually malaria
mosquitoes, Anopheles gambiae) are introduced
into a standardized cone for a defined time span,
then removed and transferred to small cages to
determine the knock-down and knock-dead rates.
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Field tests the most meaningful evidence for
the efficacy of a treated textileField studies
are the ultimate verification of the performance
of your product. The most realistic conditions
deliver the most meaningful results. We perform
field tests in Europe, North America, Brazil, and
Australia.Testing repellent-treated textiles in
the field near Regensburg The location in
which these tests were performed is especially
rich in the floodwater mosquitoes Aedes vexans
and Aedes/Ochlerotatus sticticus. Ae. vexans is
distributed almost world-wide, Ae./Oc. sticticus
in Europe, northern Asia, and North America.
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ALAROMA-IMRApplicationBy Pad50-80 g/l of
ALAROMA-IMR disperse in water, then add 5.0 g/l
of Fixer-ALN and stir well.This dilution should
be set at 80-100 of pick-up ratio, dry-100-105ºC
cure at 170-180ºC for 40 -60 secs.By exhaust
On 100 PE PV(70-30/80-20 etc)MLR 110Alro
ma-IMR 10-12 g/lpH 5.0Temperature 120-130ºC
Time 30-45 minsHot Water wash,Cold wash, dry
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Mosquito repellency ResultsFabric Substrate
P/V(65/35) 100 PolyesterDosage P/V(65/35)
Alaroma-IMR Fixer-ALN (805) g/l100
PE Alaroma-IMR 50 g/lTest Method 1
Modified WHO/CTD/WHO PES/IC/96.1Mosquitoes
Used Male Female Culex SpeciesNo Of
Mosquito used 10Excito Repellency Test
ChamberMetal chamber measuring 26 x 26 cms with
flexible sides top window for viewing Size of
the fabric 1 meterDuration of test 30
minutes
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• Observations

Fabric No of Mosquitoes released in treated fabric chamber No of Mosquitoes released in treated fabric chamber No of Mosquitoes on treated fabric No of Mosquitoes on treated fabric No of Mosquitoes on untreated fabric No of Mosquitoes on untreated fabric No of Mosquitoes Showing mobility No of Mosquitoes Showing mobility Repellency
Fabric Initial 10 mins After 30 mins Initial10 mins After 30 mins Initial 10 mins After 30 mins Initial 10 mins After 30 mins Repellency
100 PE 10 10 Nil Nil 5 6 5 4 100
P/V 65/35 10 10 Nil Nil 6 8 4 2 100
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• Test Method 2
• Results of US Patent 5, 198, 287 USDA
  laboratory Method
• Insect used Female mosquito Culex species
• No. of insects released in laboratory tent
• 12 per 10 20 gms of fabric/½ a meter
• No. of hours of incubation 3 hrs intermittent
• 3 hrs exposure of mosquito was carried out in a
  tent made by the provided
• fabric. Every 1 hour, observations were made
  about the movements, biting
• tendency and survival of mosquitoes. Following
  observations have been made
• as mean average of experiment conducted two
  times

Fabric Total No. Knock Down Total No. Unable to fly Bite counts per 3 mins Exposure Repellency Efficiency
Untreated Nil Nil 1-2 0
100 PE Nil 12 0 100
P/V 65/35 Nil 6 0 70