History of Extension Education

1
History of Extension Education

• OBJECTIVES
• 1. Identify the major events that influenced the
  development of Extension education.
• 2. Discuss the leaders who influenced the
  development of Extension education.
• 3. Describe the beginnings of 4-H.

2
Why was Extension Created?

• Technology was not changing with the farmer
• There needed to be a 3rd party between land grant
  and the government
• Third party became extension as public
  demonstrations were set up and proved very
  valuable.

3
Major Events that influenced the development of
Extension

• 1862 Morrill Act
• Created Land Grant Colleges
• One college in each state
• Teach agriculture and Mechanical Arts
• Promote a liberal and practical education 
• 1887 Hatch Act
• Created the Experiment Stations 
• 1890 Second Morrill Act
• Created Black Colleges of Agriculture (17)
• Central State University in Xenia, Ohio
• 16 in southern states

4

• 1914 Smith Lever Act
• Created the Cooperative Extension Service
• Third partner in land grant system 
• 1994 Additional land grant schools added
• Tribal Colleges
• HSI (Hispanic Serving Institutions)

5
Influential Leaders

• George Washington and Thomas Jefferson
• Advocated a national agency to teach about
  agriculture 
• Justin Morrill
• Senator from Vermont
• Author of the Morrill Act of 1862 
• Booker T. Washington
• Founded Tuskegee Institution in 1881
• First Black Land Grant College
• Liberty H. Bailey
• World Renown Plantsman
• Influence was widespread
• Established the State College of Agriculture at
  Cornell (Cornell University)
• Started extension publications 

6

• G. W. Carver
• Earned the nickname plant doctor by 10 years
  old
• During childhood he helped neighbors and friends
  with plants
• 1891 enrolled, Iowa State University, first black
  student ever at ISU
• Became a campus leader and earned highest GPA _at_
  ISU
• 1896 joined Tuskegee Institute
• Gained international reputation in research,
  teaching, and outreach (extension)
• Carried Iowa States extension concept to the
  south
• Edgar Boone
• Adult Educator
• Developed a community-based programming model so
  adults could become more actively involved in the
  affairs of their respective communities.
• Contributed to extension through his community
  development models.

7

• A.B. Graham
• Father of 4-H
• Taught in a one room schoolhouse near
  Springfield, Ohio
• Created a club for farm kids, became known as
  4-H 
• Seaman Knapp
• First Extension Agent
• 1882, he drafted a bill providing federal aid to
  establish experimental farming stations
• Became known as the Hatch Act of 1887
• Created demonstration plots for boll weevil
  control in Texas
• Knapps work resulted in a drive for federal aid
  to extend demonstration work
• Became known as the Smith-Lever Act of 1914

8

• Frank Lever
•  House of Representatives from South Carolina
• Served 10 Consecutive Terms
• Chairman of Commission of Agriculture from
  1913-1919
• Hoke Smith
• Senator From Georgia
• Secretary of the Interior for President Grover
  Cleveland
• Chairman of the Senate Committee on Education and
  Labor from 1913-1919
• Senior member of Committee on Agriculture and
  Forestry
• Malcolm Knowles
• Adult Educator
• Andragogy education of adults
• Developed a model in which to teach adults in
  extension

9
4-H

• 1890s - Liberty Hyde Bailey linked youth to
  nature and the rural environment
• 1901 - Graham promoted out of school clubs of
  agriculture
• 1902 - Graham formed a club with officers,
  projects, meetings, and keeping records. Sought
  assistance from Ohio State University and OSU
  Experimental Station. 
• 1904 - Miller in Iowa sponsored a county
  organization of boys and girls with officers and
  educational in nature. Miller fostered many of
  the teaching tools used in todays 4-H.

10

• 1905 - Bishop in Nebraska created the Nebraska
  Boys Agricultural Association (exhibited corn and
  garden products and held livestock judging
  contests) and Nebraska Girls Domestic Science
  Association (exhibited sewing and cooking
  projects and held contests in those related
  areas). 
• 19051914 Agriculture clubs started in nearly
  all states. 
• 1914 - Smith Lever Act County Agents and
  local leaders begin to organize 4-H clubs. Club
  meetings and projects were made major
  requirements.

11
History of Extension Education

• OBJECTIVES
• 1. Identify the major events that influenced the
  development of Extension education.
• 2. Discuss the leaders who influenced the
  development of Extension education.
• 3. Describe the beginnings of 4-H.