Texas History 2301

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Texas History 2301
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Paleoindians
Bering Land Bridge

• First Americans from northeast Asia
• 12-15 thousand years ago

Cordilleran Ice Sheet
Laurentide Ice Sheet
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Late Pleistocene Environment

• Climate
• Environment
• Animals

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Early Evidence (Pre-Clovis)

• Meadowcroft Rock Shelter
• Southwest Pennsylvania
• 14,500 years ago
• Monte Verde
• Southern Chile
• 12,500 years ago

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Clovis Culture

• North and South America
• 11,500 years ago
• Projectile points
• Social organization
• Weapons

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Clovis Archeological Sites

• Clovis sites
• Flint quarries
• Burials

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Folsom Culture

• Western North America
• 11,000 yeas ago
• Projectile points
• Social Organization
• Weapons and hunting
• Specialization

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Folsom Archeological Sites

• Folsom
• Lipscomb
• Lubbock
• Langtry
• Uvalde

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Paleoindian Society

• Clovis
• Megafauna
• Other animals
• Folsom
• Bison
• Extinction
• Paloeindian tools disappear

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Archaic Indians

• Adaptation to environment
• Transition period
• Longest stage of development
• Characteristics of Archaic development
• End of Archaic

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Archaic Archeological Sites

• Hinds Cave
• Harris County
• Wolfshead Site

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Development of Agriculture

• Cultivated plants
• Development of Horticulture
• Mexico
• Maize
• Spread of Agriculture

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Caddoans

• Caddoan societies
• Agriculture
• Social organization
• Settlement patterns
• Trade

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Atakapan Indians

• Social organization
• Occupation
• Cannibalism?

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Karankawas

• Social organization
• Occupation
• Cannibalism?

Coco
Carancaguases
Cujanes
Coapites
Copanes
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Coahuiltecan Indians

• Social organization
• Occupation

Kesale- Terkodam
Payaya
Aranama
Tamique
Orejon
Katuhano
Carrizo
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West Texas Tribes
Antelope Creek
Apaches

• Jumanos
• Caddoans?
• Apaches
• Athapaskans
• Antelope Creek, Henrietta, and Wylie
• Caddoans?

Henrietta
Jumanos
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Caddoan and Apache Migrations
Apaches

• Caddoan expansion
• Apaches cut off Caddoans

Caddoans
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Mexican Indian Civilization

• Olmecs (1200 BC-1 AD)
• Mayas (800 BC-950 AD)
• Oaxaca (700 BC-1000 AD)
• Teotihuacan (300 BC-750 AD)
• Toltecs (750-1168)
• Aztecs (1325-1521)

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Europe and Asia in the Middle Ages

• Crusades (1095-1270)
• Marco Polo (1271-1295)
• Reconquista (718-1492)

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European Renaissance

• Portuguese
• Henry the Navigator (1424-1434)
• Spain
• Columbus
• Four voyages
• Colonization

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Ponce de Leon 1513
Cuba 1511
Pineda 1519
Santo Domingo 1493
Velasquez 1519
Balboa and the Pacific 1513
Cortez 1519-1521
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Conquest of Mexico

• Cortez, Velasquez, and Yucatan
• Cortez and Mexico
• Cortez enters Tenochtitlan
• Conquest of the Aztecs

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Exploration of North America

• Northern Expansion
• Florida
• New Mexico
• Southeast
• Northern Mexico

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Coronado 1541
Moscoso 1542
Cabeza de Vaca 1529-1536
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Exploration of Texas

• Pueblo Revolt
• La Salle
• French in Texas
• Spanish search for French

La Salle
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La Salle 1682
La Salle Murdered
La Salle 1687
Fort St. Louis
La Salle 1685
La Salle 1685
La Salle 1686
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Fort St. Louis
Spanish meet with Caddos
De Leon 1689
De Leon finds Jarry 1688
De Leon 1686
Spanish Sea Expeditions 1686-89
De Leon 1687
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Spanish Enter East Texas

• Religious and secular divisions
• De Leon and Massanet
• Caddos
• Missions and presidios
• Collapse

Santísimo Nombre de María
San Francisco de los Tejas
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French Contact with Caddos

• Urged by Spanish priest
• St. Denis
• Missions and presidios

Missions
Presidio
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San Antonio

• Established 1718
• East Texas abandoned and re-established
• Failure of East Texas
• Success of San Antonio

Mission San Antonio de Valero
Presidio San Antonio de Béxar
San Fernando de Béxar
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Comanches

• Migration into Texas
• War with Apaches
• Attack Spanish
• Peaceful relations

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Expansion of Spanish Influence

• San Gabriel
• San Saba
• El Cañon
• Orcoquisiac
• Refugio
• Failure

San Sabá
San Gabriel
El Cañon
Orcoquisiac
Refugio
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Collapse of French Threat

• War for Empire 1756-1763
• New Regulations
• Roll back frontier

San Antonio
Frontier Line
La Bahía
San Juan Bautista
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U.S. Colonial History and the Development of the
American Revolution

• English colonial traditions
• American Revolution
• U.S. Constitutional tradition

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American Western Expansion

• The frontier and land resources
• Tradition of farming
• Americans enter Texas
• Mississippi crisis and conflict

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War in Europe

• French Revolution
• Napoleon
• Spain

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Mexican Wars for Independence

• Seville Junta or Mexican Junta
• Hidalgo and Morelos
• Spread of revolution and instability to Texas

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Mexican Wars for Independence and Texas

• Gutierrez-Magee
• Medina River and restoration
• Aury, Mina, and Perry
• James Long

Gutierrez-Magee 1812
Battle of the Medina 1813
Perry 1817
Long 1821
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Mexican Independence from Spain

• Instability in Spain
• Establishment of Constitutional Monarchy in Spain
• Establishment of Constitutional Monarchy in Mexico

Coronation of Augustín de Iturbide
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Early American Settlement in Texas

• East Texas
• North Texas
• Indians

Moses Austin
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Stephen F. Austin

• Colonization plan
• Establishment of colony
• Southern migration

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Shaping of Mexican Texas

• Austin and Mexico
• Iturbide
• Mexican plan
• Republican revolt
• San Felipe de Austin

Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana
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The Mexican Republic

• Mexican Constitution of 1824
• Republican federal government
• State regulation of colonization
• Empresarios

Guadalupe Victoria
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American Texas

• Extension of American South
• Religion
• Occupation
• Slavery

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Culture Conflict in Texas

• Ethnicity and conflict
• Cooperation
• Conflict with Indians

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Early Clashes

• Instability in Mexico
• Law of April 6, 1830
• Anahuac and Turtle Bayou
• Velasco
• Nacogdoches
• Federalism

Bustamante
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Request for Statehood

• Petition for statehood 1832
• Santa Anna and Federalism 1833
• Convention of 1833
• Austin in Mexico 1833-1834
• Santa Anna and Centralism 1835

Santa Ana
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Texas Revolutionary War

• Anahuac
• Gonzales
• Concepción
• The Consultation
• Béxar
• Alamo and Goliad
• Runaway Scrape
• San Jacinto

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Creation of the Republic of Texas

• Convention at Washington-on-the-Brazos
• Declaration of Independence
• Texas Constitution
• Interim Government

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Interim Government

• Instability and divisions
• Treaty of Velasco 1836
• Issue of Santa Anna
• Failure of U.S. recognition
• Election of September 5, 1836

David G. Burnet
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Houstons First Administration

• Problems in foreign policy
• Mexico
• Foreign recognition
• Problems in domestic policy
• Texas Army
• Indians
• Land policy
• Fiscal policy

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Lamars Administration

• Domestic Policy
• Indians
• Capital
• Fiscal policy
• Education
• Foreign Policy
• Annexation
• Foreign recognition
• Mexico

Mirabeau Lamar
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Houstons Second Administration

• Domestic policy
• Indians
• Fiscal policy
• Capital
• Foreign Policy
• Mexico
• Annexation

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Mexican-American War

• Nueces Strip
• Fighting in Texas
• War in Mexico

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South Texas Frontier

• South Texas Society
• American Traditions
• Stillman, King, and Kenedy

Richard King (seated) and Mifflin Kenedy
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South Texas Conflict

• Cortinas War
• Cart War

Juan Cortina
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Army Exploration, 1849-1854
Capt. Marcy, 1849
Marcy, 1852
Marcy, 1854
Lt. Whiting, 1849
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U.S. Army First Line of Forts

• Eighth Military District
• West Texas exploration
• Military forts, 1848-1850

Ft. Worth
Ft. Graham
Ft. Gates
Ft. Croghan
Ft. Martin Scott
Ft. Inge
Ft. Lincoln
Ft. Duncan
Ft. Merrill
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U.S. Army Second Line of Forts
Camp Cooper
Ft. Phantom Hill
Ft. Belknap
Ft. Chadbourne
Camp Colorado
Ft. McKavett
Ft. Mason
Ft. Terrett
Camp Ives
Camp Verde
Ft. Lancaster
Camp Wood
Camp Hudson
Ft. Clark
Ft. Ewell
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Indian Reservations

• Conflict
• Treaties
• Reservations

Robert Neighbors
Brazos Indian Reservation
Comanche Indian Reservation
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Indian Conflict

• Hostility and violence
• Neighbors assassinated
• Warfare
• Sul Ross

Lawrence Sullivan Ross
Cynthia Ann Parker and Topasannah
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Antebellum Texas

• What is antebellum Texas?
• Geography
• Traditions

A depiction of cotton pickers in Texas
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German Texas

• German migration
• Farming tradition
• Geography
• Religious tradition

Loesscher Band of Cat Spring, Texas
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Tradition of Slavery

• Tradition of the lower south
• Human origins of slavery
• Slavery in the world
• Slavery in American South

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Texas and Slavery Politics

• Slavery and political division
• Framework of Jacksonian politics
• Texas and the Union

Andrew Jackson, 1837
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The Jacksonian Framework

• Nullification Crisis
• John C. Calhoun
• Jacksonian Unionism
• Compromise

Calhoun, 1834
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The Mexican War and Slavery

• Wilmot Proviso
• Western border of Texas
• Compromise of 1850

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Slavery and Texas Politics

• One Party State
• Political polarization
• Sam Houston and slavery politics

Houston, 1848-1850
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Secession

• Political sectionalism in U.S.
• Texas and sectionalism
• Texas secedes

Lincoln
Breckinridge
Douglas
Bell
Presidential candidates in Election of 1860
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Closing the Indian Frontier

• Traditional Indian Policy
• Grant Indian Policy
• Conflict
• Red River War

Quanah Parker
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High Plains bison hunters
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Ft. Elliot
Ft. Richardson
Ft. Belknap
Ft. Concho
Ft. Griffin
Ft. Chadbourne
Ft. Stockton
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Expansion of the Ranching Frontier

• Cattlemen and the frontier
• Expansion of the cattle business
• Kansas cattle towns
• Ranching and outside investment

Charles Goodnight
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Development of New South Traditions

• Expansion of railroads
• Industrial development
• Urbanization

Texas Pacific Passenger Train, Dallas 1870s
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Agriculture and the Tradition of Reform

• Agricultural success and collapse
• Farmer organizations and reform
• Conservative and reform politics

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New Century, New Trends

• Oil
• Urbanization
• Mexican immigration

Spindletop, 1903
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James Hogg, the Democratic Party, and Reform

• Hogg Laws
• Hogg, Alliance, and Conservatives
• Hogg undercuts Populists

Governor James Hogg, 1891-1895
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Progressivism in Texas

• Collapse of Populism
• 1900
• Prohibition
• Continuation of Hogg reform
• Governors Ferguson and Hobby

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Economic Boom and Bust

• Oil and economic boom
• Growth of other industries
• Agricultural bust

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A Return to Southern Traditions

• A break from reform
• The rise of the Ku Klux Klan
• The Klan and Texas politics

Ku Klux Klan Day at the State Fair of Texas, 1923
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The Depression, Reform, and Conservatism

• Economic crash
• The return of reform
• Growth of the national government
• Rejection of New Deal reforms

A Great Depression era Panhandle dust storm
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World War II and Texas

• Texans and the War
• Texan Units
• Texan Soldiers

Rudders Rangers at Omaha Beach
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Postwar Economics

• Cotton and oil
• Economic transformation
• Job creation
• Economic expansion
• Boom, bust, and boom

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Postwar Society

• Civil Rights
• Integration
• Protest
• Women
• Multi-cultural society

Herman Sweatt enters UT School of Law, 1950
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Postwar Politics

• Conservative Democrats
• Emergence of Republicans
• Liberal Democrats

Lyndon Baines Johnson
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Postwar Politics

• Sharpstown and Watergate
• Bill Clements
• Republican realignment

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Texas Distinctiveness

• History
• Size
• Liberty and individualism
• Exaggeration