Space Exploration

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Space Exploration

• Diving into the cosmic ocean

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A Short History of Rockets

• Archytas, c. 360 B.C. demonstrated principle of
  rocket by using a clay pigeon suspended over fire
• Pigeon filled with water
• Steam caused it to fly

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Ancient Chinese, 11th Century A.D.

• Used fire arrows launched by gunpowder (black
  powder)

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Chinese other Asian/Middle Eastern nations,
13th Century

• Used fire arrows on a wide scale
• Arabs used them against troops of Louis IX during
  7th Crusade

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16th Century China

• Wan-Hoo, first man to attempt rocket flight
• 2 large kites and 47 fire arrows were attached to
  a chair ignited by 47 assistants
• Resulted in tremendous explosion
• Chair Wan-Hoo were gone

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William Congreve
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Confederate Rocket?

• Confederate President Jefferson Davis witnessed
  the event at which a 3.7 meter (12 foot)
  solid-fueled rocket, carrying a 4.5 kilogram (10
  pound) gunpowder warhead in a brass case engraved
  with the letters C.S.A., was ignited and seen to
  roar rapidly up and out of sight. No one ever saw
  the rocket land. It's interesting to speculate
  whether, almost 100 years before Sputnik, a
  satellite marked with the initials of the
  Confederate States of America might have been
  launched into orbit.

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3 Fathers of Modern Rocketry

• Konstantin Tsiolkovsky developed rocket theory
  beginning in 1900
• His ideas were sparked by the science fiction
  writer Jules Verne

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Robert Goddard

• experimented with rockets from 1915-1941
• engineered rocket systems
• -airframes, fuel pumps, valves, and
  guidance devices

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Robert Goddard (cont.)

• First to launch liquid fueled rocket
• Adapted gyroscope
• First to use moveable deflector vanes to steer
  rockets
• Designed multi-staged rocket
• Developed auto-deployed parachutes to recover
  rockets carrying instruments

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Goddard's rocket in 1926The Space Age Starts

• The first liquid-fueled flight lasted only 4.2
  seconds, reached an altitude of merely 41 feet,
  and landed just 184 feet from its launch pad.
  However, this modest accomplishment marked the
  beginning of the space age. (Photograph courtesy
  NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

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Hermann Oberth German Visionary

• Rocket theorist, was assisted by
• Wernher von Braun

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Wernher von Braun

• He was the key engineering genius behind the
  rocket program that put the USA into space and
  later the moon.

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Werner Von Braun (1912-1977)

• Leader of Paperclip team Moves to Marshall
  Space
• Flight Center,
• Huntsville,Al and leads the design of all of our
  major rocket and shuttle designs that we still
  use today.

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The designs on the left were Von Brauns the ones
on the right are newer proposals that may not be
built. The two on the right are class rockets
with the smaller of the two specialized for
taking people into orbit

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World War II

• V-2 Rocket developed by German scientist, von
  Braun, with forced labor from concentration camp
  victims.

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Wernher von Braun
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V-2 Rocket

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V-2 Rocket Team becomes Paperclip team of
rocket scientists

• 127 German scientists, captured by U.S. army
  (1945)
• Moved to White Sands, New Mexico
• Began U.S. space program

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WW II V2

• Von Braun built the V2 rockets in the 1940s this
  was the first Liquid fueled rocket to reach the
  edge of space-60miles altitude-
• It was a terror weapon and hundreds were dropped
  on England, but it was VERY advanced for its time

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Von Braun comes to the United States in September
1945
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Sputnik (The first artificial satellite)

• Launched in 1957 this was the world's first
  artificial satellite. It was about the size of a
  basketball,. It scared the USA so much that we
  started the SPACE RACE

Sputnik had a radio transmitter to let you know
it was overhead
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SPACE RACE

• Rapid development of space exploration by both
  the USA and USSR (Russia)
• From, 1957 -1969 (Explorer 1(1958)), the first
  U.S. satellite in orbit, to landing on the moon
  just 11 years later.
• USA wins the space race and later the Cold War

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NASA

• National Aeronautics and Space Administration
• Formed July 29, 1958 shortly after Sputnik

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Sputnik

• Sputnik 1 first man-made object in space -1957

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Sputnik 2

• Carried dog, Laika into space

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Explorer 1

• First U.S. satellite, launched 1-31-58
• Measured cosmic rays, dust particles, temperature
  of upper atmosphere
• Discovered Van Allen belts
• -regions of trapped solar particles in
  Earths magnetic field near the poles

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Manned Missions

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Yuri Gagarin

• 1st man in space, April 12, 1961
• Russian
• Made a single orbit around Earth

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Project Mercury

• Alan Shepard onboard Freedom 7
• 1st American in space, May 5, 1961

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John Glenn

• 1st American to orbit Earth onboard Friendship 7
• February 20, 1962

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Project Gemini

• Practiced maneuvering in orbit
• Carried 2 astronauts

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Apollo Missions

• 1968-1972

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Apollo 11

• Neil Armstrong, 1st man on moon
• July 20, 1969
• Eagle, Apollo 11 Lunar Module landed on the moon

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Terminology

• Propellant material/s burned to provide thrust
• Thrust force/push that accelerates rocket
• Velocity speed direction
• Suborbital velocity (lt8Km/s or lt4.8mi/s), the
  speed direction an object maintains while
  staying close to Earth

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• Orbital velocity (about 8Km/s or 4.8mi/s),
  speed and direction a rocket must achieve in
  order to orbit Earth
• Escape velocity (about 11Km/s or 6.6mi/s),
  speed and direction needed to escape Earths
  gravitational pull

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Example of suborbital velocity F-22 Raptor

Speed Mach 1.8 (over 900 mph)
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Example of orbital velocityspace shuttle

Speed app.17,500 mph for LEO
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Escape velocity

Speed 25,000 mph
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LEO (Low Earth Orbit)

• The Dots represent Satellites, the ones closest
  to the Earth are in Low Earth Orbit (300 miles or
  so above the Earths surface)

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Geostationary orbit (GEO)

• A geostationary orbit can only be achieved at an
  altitude very close to 35,786 km (22,236 mi), and
  directly above the equator. This equates to an
  orbital velocity of 3.07 km/s (1.91 mi/s)
• or 6,876 mi/hour)

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Communication Satellites are almost all in GEO
(Why?)

• Just one of the many products of the modern space
  program

Telstar 1 was first such satellite to relay
television signals in 1962
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Whats Next

• Diving into the Cosmic Ocean

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(200,000 per person with a 20,000 deposit).
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Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX) is
an American space transport company founded by
PayPal co-founder Elon Musk.
Click on Elons name to learn more
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How about a Space Elevator
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The Thought Arthur C. Clark

• "This is not a new concept," Smitherman says.
  "Author Arthur C. Clarke coined the term "space
  elevator" in his book "Fountains of Paradise,"
  written in the late 1970s. But, building a tower
  to the sky has been in mythology and culture for
  centuries. I won't see a space elevator in my
  lifetime, but my children may. Kids who are in
  school right now are the ones who can make this
  happen by the end of our century."

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New Technology

• Carbon nanotubes have potential applications as
  high strength and light weight materials, for
  nanometer scale electronic and mechanical
  devices, and for energy storage. By combining
  the experimental and theoretical research at UNC
  and NCSU this project aims at understanding and
  controlling the materials chemistry and physics
  of nanotubes and nanotube based materials,
  evaluating their potential applications in
  structural reinforcement, and energy storage, and
  developing prototype nano mechanical and
  electronic devices.

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What is needed for the Space Elevator

• An extremely tall base tower on Earth
• A heavy weight orbiting the Earth
• (in GEO)
• A cable that connects the tower to the weight
• A spacecraft that can ride the cable into orbit
• All the math is calculated, and design
  competitions have already started.
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_elevator