Da Pathologians Group 2

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Da Pathologians Group 2
Jill Gabe Kaylee Michael D. Dakota
Danielle Joey Brooke Allyson Michael
W. Phinehas
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What is Diabetes

• Having increased levels of blood glucose
• Normal levels range between
• 70-120 mg/dL

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Symptoms of Diabetes

• Constant thirst
• Frequent urination
• Constant hunger
• Exhaustion
• Losing weight without trying
• Slow healing of wounds
• Tingling or numbness in extremities

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Insulin

• Is a hormone produced by the pancreas
• (by the beta cells)

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Insulin Through Injection

• Taken through shots or pumps
• Cant be taken by mouth as effectively because it
  is destroyed by digestion.

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Functions of Insulin

• Insulin attaches to the cell receptors enabling
  them to receive glucose (sugar) from the blood.

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Type I Diabetes

• AKA Juvenile diabetes
• IDDM (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus)
• Lack of insulin to unlock the receptors of the
  cell
• The cell is unable to receive glucose from the
  blood
• Type I occurs in children, teens, and young
  adults
• No one knows why this occurs (could be genetic)

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Treatments

• Check blood glucose levels frequently
• Insulin shots or pumps
• Proper exercise and diet
• May take a low dose of aspirin
• Maintain a normal level of blood pressure and
  cholesterol
• Regular visits to the doctor

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Type 2 Diabetes

• Type 2 diabetes is also called non-insulin-depende
  nt diabetes mellitus or adult-onset diabetes.
• In type 2 diabetes the body produces enough
  insulin but cant use it efficiently.
• Type 2 diabetes is most often seen in obese
  patients.

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Patient Populationof Type 2 Diabetes

• Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of
  diabetes, accounting for 90 to 95 percent of all
  diabetes.
• It usually develops after the age of 40 however,
  in the late 1990's, its incidence increased among
  young people.

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Symptoms of type 2 diabetes

• Increased thirst
• Frequent urination
• Fatigue
• Sudden loss of weight
• Increased hunger
• Infection taking greater time to heal
• Blurred vision
• 
  

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Treatment

• Type 2 diabetes can disappear with weight loss,
  proper diet and exercise.

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Experimental Treatments

• Experimental Treatments
• Gene Therapy
• Islet Cell Transplant

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Alternative Therapies

• Acupuncture
• Biofeedback
• Chromium
• Ginseng
• Magnesium

• These methods are used in conjunction with
  regular treatments or instead of regular
  treatments however, they are not approved by the
  FDA.
• I DO NOT RECALL!

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Diabetes Insipidus

• Diabetes insipidus is caused by the inability of
  the kidneys to conserve water, which leads to
  frequent urination and pronounced thirst.

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Causes

• Is really not Diabetes lab tests differentiate
• Disorder of water metabolism
• Causes
• Caused by damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary
  gland as a result of surgery, infection, tumor,
  or head injury

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Symptoms and Treatments

• Symptoms
• Excessive thirst
• Excessive urine
• Treatments
• Vasopressin (either nasal spray or tablet)

• Mimics diabetic symptoms
• Lab tests
• Urinalysis
• Blood test

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Gestational Diabetes

• A condition that occurs during the third
  trimester of a pregnancy.

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Cause

• Gestational diabetes
  occurs when the hormones
  of pregnancy cause a shortage
  of insulin.

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Facts

• This condition is self-limiting however, it puts
  you at greater risk for developing Type 2
  diabetes.
• Your baby and placentas are usually large (10 lbs
  and over)

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Organs Affected

• Pancreas
• Kidneys
• Eyes
• Heart and blood vessels
• brain

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• The Pancreas
• In the pancreas the beta cells produce insulin
  and if they are damaged by diabetes the pancreas
  stops producing insulin that the body needs.
• Beta cells can be replaced by cadaveric
  transplant to the liver. The transplanted cells
  produce insulin for the patient.

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The Kidneys

• In diabetes, the glomeruli (the structure in the
  kidney responsible for filtration) start to die.
• As the glomeruli decrease the kidneys start to
  fail the patient must have dialysis and
  eventually a kidney transplant.

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• The Eyes
• The eyes first start to be affected by diabetes
  when the blood vessels in the eye begin to swell
  in the retina.
• As the disease progresses some vessels become
  blocked. The eye grows new blood vessels that
  begin to leak. The blood clouds the vitreous (the
  fluid in your eye globe).
• Over time you can completely lose your vision
  because of Diabetic Retinopathy.

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• Blood Vessels
• Diabetes causes atherosclerosis of the vessels
  this causes high blood pressure.

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Blood vessels of the brain

• Circle of Willis-atherosclerotic plaque

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Heart

• High blood pressure causes the heart to pump
  harder.
• This causes the heart to become larger and
  heavier with thicker ventricle walls.
• Atherosclerosis can block the coronary arteries
  and cause myocardial infarction.

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The Importance of Understanding Diabetes

• Prevent further damage to organs
• Control and maintain levels of glucose

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Blood Glucose Levels

• 0 70 Danger. Too low. Get
  sugar immediately.
• 70 -120 Normal. This is the
  ideal range.
• 120-160 Pre-diabetic
• 160 -240 Too high. Work on
  bringing blood sugar down (see
• above).
• 240 - 300 This is very high and
  indicates that diabetes is out of
• control.
• 300 up Danger. Call your
  doctor immediately

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Diet

• Can control and sometimes prevent diabetes
• Calorie and portion size are equally important
• Calorie consumption differs per person on age,
  sex, size and metabolic rate

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• Diet should include a variety of food
• Grain products, fruits and vegetables are high in
  fiber, vitamins and minerals
• Eat food low in fat and cholesterol
• Consume carbs, sweetened drinks, salt and
  desserts in moderation

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Food Groups

• Fat and Cholesterol
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates

• Block arteries in the heart and brain to lead to
  heart attacks and strokes.
• Found in some fast-foods like burgers, fries,
  fried chicken, tacos.
• Found in meat, poultry, fish, beans, eggs, and
  nuts.
• No more than 10-20 of your total calories
• Simple carbohydrates found in candy, honey, soda.
  Increase blood pressure
• Complex carbohydrates found in fruits,
  vegetables, whole-grain breads, and cereals.

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Food Groups

• Vitamins/Minerals
• Vitamins and minerals can help prevent and
  sometimes lead to disease
• Vitamins A, B, C, D, K
• 2. Fibers
• In fruits and vegetables
• Keeps bowels regular

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Hands on Experience

• Visited the morgue
• Visited the surgical pathology lab (gross room)
• Cooking experience in the CAFE

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The Morgue

• We Saw..
• An intact human Brain
• A Heart
• A Pancreas
• Two healthy Kidneys
• A Spinal Cord
• A brain cut into cross-sections
• A leg, amputated because of diabetes

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The Pathology Lab

• The pathology lab is also called the Gross Lab
• We observed
• A kidney with kidney stones
• A lung with emphysema
• Another lung encased in a large tumor called
  mesothelioma

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More Photos From The Morgue
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Menu in the CAFE

• Apple and Honey Scones
• Spinach salad with balsamic vinaigrette dressing
• Healthy snacks
• Dried fruits and berries
• Salsa and chips
• Yogurt and fruit
• Grapes
• Apples
• Water

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Thanks for listening to our presentation.