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SECTION 1 Celtic Ireland SECTION 2 Christianity
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Terms to Learn
People to Know

• coracles

• Saint Patrick

• Saint Columba
• Pope Gregory I
• Ethelbert
• Bede
• Alfred the Great

• shires
• sheriff
• kings peace
• witenagemot
• witan

Places to Locate

• British Isles

• Kent
• Wessex
• Daneland

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Celtic Ireland

• When the Anglo-Saxons came, most of the Celts who
  lived in Britain fled to Ireland.

• Ireland became the major center of Celtic culture
  where clans of people farmed and raised cattle.
• Seafaring Irish made boats large enough to hold
  30 people, called coracles, by stretching cow
  hides over a wooden frame.
• The Irish remained free of Germanic attacks
  because their island was located farther out in
  the Atlantic Ocean than Britain.

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Celtic Ireland (cont.)

• Saint Patrick, who was born in Britain in the
  400s A.D., founded the Irish Church.

• Ireland lost contact with Rome during the
  Germanic invasions of the Roman Empire.
• The monasteries became centers of Irish life.
• Church organization was weak, however, because of
  poor transportation and communication.

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Celtic Ireland (cont.)

• Saint Columba, one of the best-known monks, set
  up a monastery on Iona, an island off the west
  coast of Scotland. ?

• Monks from Iona went to northern England to
  preach to the Anglo-Saxons other went to
  northern Europe, where they built monasteries and
  churches. ?
• They helped spread Christianity and learning
  throughout Charlemagne's empire.

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Christianity and Anglo-Saxon England

• Ireland was Christian, but the Anglo-Saxon
  kingdoms of Britain followed the Germanic
  religions.

• In 597 A.D., Pope Gregory I sent a mission of 41
  monks from Rome to England under the leadership
  of Augustine to convert the Anglo-Saxons to
  Christianity
• Ethelbert, the king of Kent, allowed Augustine to
  build a church in the town of Canterbury.
• One monk, Bede, was a great scholar and wrote the
  first history of the English people.

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Alfred the Great

• About 835 A.D., bands of Danes began attacking
  the coast of England to make permanent
  settlements.

• The English kingdoms decided to resist the
  invaders. They chose Alfred, King of Wessex, who
  later became known as Alfred the Great, to resist
  the invaders.
• As Alfred was never strong enough to completely
  drive the Danes from England, he signed a treaty
  with them.
• Alfred had London rebuilt after destruction by
  the Danes.

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The Government

• The government of Anglo-Saxon England centered on
  the king who was elected by a council of lords.

• Since the central government was too weak to
  govern the whole country, the king set up local
  governments divided into districts called shires.
  
• Each shire was run by a sheriff, who was a local
  noble chosen by the king.
• The king and his household moved around the area
  the royal household was in was under the king's
  peace, or royal protection.

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The Government (cont.)

• A group of nobles and church leaders, known as
  the witenagemot, met with the king to advise and
  act as a court.

• Each member of the group was known as a witan, or
  wiseman.
• The group approved laws drawn up by the king and
  his household.

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The People

• The people in Anglo-Saxon England were generally
  divided into two classesnobles and peasants.

• An Anglo-Saxon became a noble by birth or as a
  reward for special service to the king.
• Nobles had to attend the witenagemot, keep peace
  in local areas, and serve the king in war.
• The king rewarded nobles with gifts of gold,
  silver, horses, weapons, and estates.

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The People (cont.)

• The peasants lived in huts in small villages on
  the estate and did not own their own land.

• They helped each other farm the noble's land by
  sharing tools and oxen.