Ancient Rome and Early

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Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 500 B.C.
A.D. 500
Chapter Overview
Time Line
The Romans Create a Republic
1
SECTION
The Roman Empire Brings Change
2
SECTION
MAP
The Rise of Christianity
3
SECTION
The Decline of the Roman Empire
4
SECTION
Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization
5
SECTION
GRAPH
Visual Summary
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Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 500 B.C.
A.D. 500
Rome becomes the center of an empire, which aids
in the spread of Christianity. Eventually the
Western Empire falls, while the Eastern Empire
remains. The Greco-Roman culture helps shape
Western thought and culture for centuries.
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Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 500 B.C.
A.D. 500
Time Line
509 B.C. Rome becomes a republic.
218 B.C. In the Second Punic War, Hannibal
invades Italy.
A.D. 284 Diocletian, who will divide the Roman
Empire, becomes emperor.
500 B.C.
A.D. 500
264 B.C. The First Punic War with Carthage
begins.
44 B.C. Conspirators kill Julius Caesar.
A.D. 476 Western Roman Empire falls with the
ouster of the last emperor, Romulus Augustulus.
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The Romans Create a Republic
Key Idea
The early Romans establish a republic on the
Italian peninsula, conquer all of Italy, and
defeat Carthage in a series of wars. The Romans
create an extensive trade network.
Overview
Assessment
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The Romans Create a Republic
Overview
republic patrician plebeian tribune
consul senate dictator legion Hannibal
Scipio
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The early Romans established a republic, which
grew powerful and spread its influence.
Some of the most fundamental values and
institutions of Western civilization began in the
Roman Republic.
Assessment
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The Romans Create a Republic
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. List the main events that mark the
growth of Rome into a powerful republic.
509 B.C. Romans overthrow Etruscan
king. Republic established.
451 B.C. Twelve Tables created.
265 B.C. Italy conquered.
264-146 B.C. Punic Wars fought.
70 B.C. Rome controlled the Mediterranean.
continued . . .
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The Romans Create a Republic
1
Section
Assessment
2. Do you think the Roman Republic owed its
success more to its form of government or to its
army? Why? THINK ABOUT
the structure of the republic
how citizenship spread
Romes policies toward conquered peoples
ANSWER
The armys conquests expanded the territory of
Rome, which increased Romes power and wealth.
However, the republic that Rome established gave
it a stability that allowed it to grow by
absorbing conquered peoples or making them allies.
Possible Response
continued . . .
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The Romans Create a Republic
1
Section
Assessment
3. How did the office of dictator contribute to
the balance and stability of the Roman Republic?
THINK ABOUT
the role of the dictator
the power of consuls
the need for speedy decisions in a crisis
ANSWER
A dictator could make the speedy decisions needed
in a crisis, whereas the consuls could veto each
others decisions, and the senate and assembly
might take too long to make critical decisions.
Possible Response
End of Section 1
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The Roman Empire Brings Change
MAP
Key Idea
Problems in the republic lead to civil war. The
republic collapses, and Julius Caesar becomes
dictator. After Caesars assassination, Octavian
emerges as Romes first emperor.
Overview
Assessment
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The Roman Empire Brings Change
MAP
Overview
civil war Julius Caesar triumvirate
absolute ruler Augustus Pax Romana
gladiator
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The creation of the Roman Empire transformed
Roman government, society, economy, and culture.
The Roman Empire has served throughout history as
a model of political organization and control.
Assessment
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The Roman Empire Brings Change
MAP
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. Explain how Rome changed during the Pax
Romana.

• Rome becomes an empire with one ruler.

• Civil service system established.

• Empire expands.

• Roman way of life extends to the provinces.

• Roman trade reaches India and China.

• Road network increases trade.

• Women have more freedom.

• Religions of southwestern Asia become influential.

• Gap between rich and poor increases.

continued . . .
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The Roman Empire Brings Change
MAP
2
Section
Assessment
2. What role did Julius Caesar play in the
decline of the republic and the rise of the
empire? THINK ABOUT
the problems facing the republic
how Caesar helped restore order
Caesars defiance of the senate
Caesars rule as dictator
ANSWER
Caesar helped restore order, then seized power.
His occupation of Rome and his rule as dictator
effectively ended the republic.
Possible Response
End of Section 2
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The Rise of Christianity
Key Idea
Christianity begins with the teachings of Jesus
in Judea. The new religion spreads quickly
throughout the empire.
Overview
Assessment
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The Rise of Christianity
Overview
Jesus apostle Peter Paul Diaspora
bishop pope Constantine heresy
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Christianity arose in Roman-occupied Judea and
spread throughout the Roman Empire.
As the worlds most widespread religion,
Christianity guides the lives of millions today.
Assessment
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The Rise of Christianity
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Section
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. Describe five events that led to the
spread of Christianity throughout the Roman
Empire.
Theodosius makes Christianity the empires
official religion.
Rome takes over Jewish kingdom.
Jesus gathers many followers.
Paul and other missionaries spread Jesus message.
Constantine issues Edict of Milan.
continued . . .
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The Rise of Christianity
3
Section
Assessment
2. Do you think Christianity would have developed
in the same way if it had arisen in an area
outside the Roman Empire? Explain. THINK ABOUT
Jesus growing popularity
the effect of actions Rome took against Jesus
and his followers
the depth of belief of Jesus followers
the advantages of being part of a vast empire
ANSWER

• No. Christianity would have grown more slowly
  outside the empire.
• Yes. It would have spread just as fast or faster
  without Roman persecutions.

Possible Responses
continued . . .
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The Rise of Christianity
3
Section
Assessment
3. Who do you think did more to spread
ChristianityPaul or Constantine? THINK ABOUT
Pauls travels
the opening of Christianity to the Gentiles
Constantines power as an emperor
ANSWER

• Paul did more to spread Christianity because he
  carried it throughout the empire and welcomed
  Gentiles.
• Constantine did more because he accepted
  Christianity and ended the persecution.

Possible Responses
End of Section 3
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The Decline of the Roman Empire
Key Idea
The Roman Empire splits in two. Economic,
military, and political decay and outside
invaders bring down the Western Roman Empire, but
the eastern half survives.
Overview
Assessment
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The Decline of the Roman Empire
Overview
inflation mercenary Diocletian
Constantinople Alaric Attila
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Internal problems and nomadic invasions spurred
the division and decline of the Roman empire.
The decline and fall of great civilizations is a
repeating pattern in world history.
Assessment
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The Decline of the Roman Empire
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Section
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. Identify the causes of each of the
effects listed below.
Gold and silver squandered coins worth less
Soldiers fought for money.
Citizens had little influence officials
burdened with debts. The empire couldnt
maintain its defenses army was weakened.
continued . . .
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The Decline of the Roman Empire
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Section
Assessment
2. How do you think the splitting of the empire
into two parts helped it survive for another 200
years? THINK ABOUT
the differences between the eastern and western
halves of the empire
the advantages of a smaller empire
ANSWER
The wealthier eastern half included most of the
empires great cities and trading centers. By
creating a smaller area that was easier to
defend, Constantine was able to preserve the
empire for another 200 years.
Possible Response
End of Section 4
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Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization
GRAPH
Key Idea
Greco-Roman culture continues to influence the
arts, science and technology, government, and
legal systems of the Western world and other
parts of the globe.
Overview
Assessment
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Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization
GRAPH
Overview
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The Romans developed many ideas and institutions
that became fundamental to Western civilization.
Evidence of Roman culture is found throughout
Europe and North America and in Asia and Africa.
Assessment
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Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization
GRAPH
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Section
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. For each of the categories below, list
the accomplishments of Roman culture.
Realistic sculpture, murals, mosaics
Histories, Virgils Aeneid, Ovids
Amores, Tacituss Annals and Histories
Arch, dome, aqueduct, roads
Equal treatment before the law, innocent until
proven guilty, burden of proof on the accuser,
unfair laws set aside
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Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization
GRAPH
5
Section
Assessment
2. Which principle of law do you think has been
Romes greatest contribution to modern legal
systems? THINK ABOUT
equality before the law
innocent until proven guilty
unfair laws could be set aside
ANSWER

• Equal treatment before the law because it
  erases class differences.
• Innocent until proven guilty because there can be
  no punishment without conviction.
• Unfair laws can be set aside because bad laws
  can be changed.

Possible Responses
continued . . .
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Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization
GRAPH
5
Section
Assessment
3. Why do you think the Greek philosophy of
Stoicism was so appealing to Romans? THINK ABOUT
Stoic philosophy
the Roman citizen-soldier
Roman law
ANSWER
Stoicism emphasized virtue, duty, and endurance,
qualities that would appeal to the
citizen-soldier. Also, Stoics believed that human
laws should be reasonable and just, concepts that
influenced Roman legal systems.
Possible Response
End of Section 5