JMSC 0025

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JMSC 0025

• Journalism Traditions

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Your Lecturer Dr KY Cheung ???

• Ph.D.(HKU) in Media History
• Honorary Assistant Professor, JMSC, HKU
• Meida experience
• RTHK/ CTN/ TVB
• Ming Pao Daily
• Vice Chairman, Press Council
• Vice Chairman, HKFJ

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Your Tutor

• William Lai
• PhD Candidate,HKU
• awarded a 2008 Endeavour Australia Cheung Kong
  Fellowship
• conducting research in medical journalism and
  also creating educational tools to help improve
  the accuracy and reliability of medical news
  reporting.
• Mobile[phone]
• E-mailwyylai_at_yahoo.com

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Why are we here?
Is it Mandatory? Your Parents Choice ? It is
Your Choice
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Try to Achieve.
Understanding. Change Unchange. Have Fun.
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Grading
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Course Schedule

• 1 Course orientation
• origins of journalism
• 2 The rise of newspapers and popular
  journalism
• newsbook and newspaper
• 3 Journalists dream
• wen ren and Wang Tao

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Course Schedule

• 4 A revolution tabloid press
• appletization
• 5 QuizThe Transformation Ming Pao story
• 6 Submit research title/topic
• Mainland China Taiwan

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Course Schedule

• 7 Research paperPSB Broadcast media
• 8 Research paperDeceased media
• 9 QuizThe internet

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Course Schedule

• 10 Attacks on journalists and rise of Asian
  media
• 11 Present research paperThe future of
  journalism
• End of the course

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• Are you ready ?

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The Story Begins.
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Journalist in Sumeria and Egypt 6,000 years ago

• 4,000 B.C. in what is now Iraq, people began to
  spread the news by scratching symbols on clay
  tablets. These first writers, the Sumerians,
  recorded military victories, published rulers
  edicts and told of everyday eventsbirths and
  deaths, payments of debts.

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God of Scribes

• Egyptians, adopting the Sumerian idea and
  developing their own hieroglyphs, creating a new
  privileged class the scribes. Egyptian scribes
  wrote on clay tablets or papyrus to win renown
  from rulers and blessings from Troth, God of
  Scribes.

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Journalist in Mainland China 2,600-3,700 years
ago

• In Sheng ??and Zhou Dynasty ??, man age over 60
  and no son, woman age 50 and no son, would be
  summoned by Emperor, to traveling around to
  collect folk song and poetry, and submitted to
  Emperor.

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Journalist in 16 to 18 Centuries in England,
200-300 years ago

• Story-tellers and groceries sellers traveling
  around the country to sell goods and collecting
  story to sell. (1630)
•  
• In 17 century, journalist did not exist,
  professional writer existed.
• Printer was in charge of the content.

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Social status of an Editor

• In 1777, in an English court trial, a preacher
  charged with forgery and he has descended so low
  as to become the editor of a newspaper.

• In late eighteenth century, an editor figure as
  one who was supposed to collected paid material
  for the public, and who would often stand in for
  the printer when facing outraged members of the
  public.

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True or lies

• Journalism presented two sides to readers true
  and lies

• Provenance was the only tool to identify the
  source

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Journalist in 19-20 Century, 100-200 years ago

• In 1802, Editor was used to described the man in
  charge of a periodical publication.
• A supplementary employee who was working to the
  printer.

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In Ching Dynasty

• ???? Criminal Law
• Those who spreading rumors, producing
  unofficial newspapers, beheaded. Those who sell
  rumors, clubbed 100 times and exile for three
  thousand miles away.

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Journalist in 19th Century, a 200 years ago

• A combination of a publishing team-1812 (photo)
• Writer-missionary
• Apprentice-Chinese (low class)

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Journalist in Mainland and in Europe in 19th
Century

• Intellectuals in China who failed his Royal
  Examination would round up in journalism as their
  careers. Higher officials regarded journalist as
  lowest class people and gangsters.

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June 12, 1876London Times correspondent in
Shanghai

• ( Shenpo ) sales up to 6,000 copy a day, retail
  price was 10 copper coin, equivalent to half
  penny. Operator tried to made the paper smaller
  to squeeze the prize down. A labor said with two
  and a half year education could read newspaper.
  Newspaper should eliminate gossips, providing
  people cheap, valuable and credible
  information.

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March 24, 1901New York Times/Feb 16 from
Shanghai

• A Chinese editor arrived his office at 100pm.
  He sipped a cup of Chinese tea first. He got one
  gold coin a day and far from his counterparts
  overseas.
• Office hired two laborers, four servants for
  serving meals, tea and drinks. Editors work
  started with comparing with other newspapers,
  cataloging news into politics, social, commerce
  and etc.

• At 900pm, office closed, edited version has
  been sent for printing. Cups of tea served to
  each table of editors.

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• Reporter earned two gold coins a week. A
  newspaper will have twenty reporters around the
  country. The correspondents have to be granted
  approval first before they started to reporting
  something.
• A type-setting and printing room needs twelve
  workers, they started to work at 1000pm till
  early morning.

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• Publishing dept hired four people, responsible
  for folding newspapers, distribution
  transportation and put them in the counter for
  sale.
•  

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Early 20 Century in Shanghai-

• Journalist Liu Jian recalled life in Shanghai
  press office was just a room of a hundred
  squared feet, very dark, it was our work place,
  our dinning room, bedroom and as well as our
  toilet room. In the winter, chilling wind
  squeezing into the room,

• and in summer, the air in the room was very humid
  and hot like sitting in a stove. The fleas and
  worms were everywhere

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Social Status of Chinese Journalist in 1870s

• Newspaper writer is a dishonest job, a
  unspeakable job.
• ???????, ??????????, ????????????????????,
  ????????????, ???????????--???????????

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Social Status of News People in Late Ching
Dynasty

• Parents teach children not to read newspaper
• Newspaper vendor beg for the subscription fee
• ??????????, ???????????????? ?????????,
  ???????????, ?????, ??????????? ????, ?????????,
  ?????, ???????????- ????

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Social Status of News People in Late Ching
Dynasty

• Uniform for newspaper vendors in Ching Dynasty
  in late 19th Century and early 20th Century

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Social Status of News People in Late Ching
Dynasty

• Folk verse Zhu-Zhi-Ci ???
• The reason for subscribing newspaper was to show
  off to the neighborhood that the family was in
  the upper class even though the owner was an
  illiterate
• ???????
• ???????
• ???????
• ???????
• ( ????? ) 1904

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1911-1927 Raised of social status-???????Zhu-
Zhi-Ci

• Describing pro-President Yuans (???) reporterss
  manner as senior officials when covering news
• ???????
• ???????
• ???????
• ???????

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Questions

• Q1 Why journalists social status quo raised so
  high some 20 years time from 1870s to 1890s ?
• Q2 Why journalists being glorified in such
  unprecedent way in 1911-1927?

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1903 Woman newsroom

• No upper-crust, cultivated woman of the sort
  promised in the advertising would have been
  thought capable of enduring the filthy, oily
  presses or the factory-like composing room where
  molten lead was poured into moulds and then
  hammered into shape to make the pages. The women
  (of the Daily Mirror) fainted under the strain of
  meeting deadlines and had to be revived with a
  continuous supply of Champagne.

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1903 Woman newsroom

• The whole operation cold be compared to a French
  farce with women on the brink of hysteria
  rushing in and out all the time. The male
  composing-room staff, meanwhile, did not like
  working under the appraising eye of elegant
  women in low-cut evening gowns who had just
  returned from the theatre to supervise the
  assembling of their works of art in the
  mechanical department.

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Good Times and Bad Times in China

• 1898-1911
• 53 newspapers closed
• 2 journalists killed
• 17 journalists imprisoned
• More than 100 news people dismissed

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Good Times and Bad Times in China

• 1903
• Shen Jin ?? reported Sino-Russia treaty and was
  clubbed 200 times
• Reporter Bian Xiao Wu ??? criticized Empress Tsu
  His ?? and was stabbed 23 times to death in
  prison

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Good Times and Bad Times in China

• 1912-1916
• 71 newspapers closed (total 150)
• 24 journalists killed
• 60 journalists imprisoned
• 1916-1919
• 29 newspapers closed
• 17 journalists killed

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Good Times and Bad Times in China

• 1917-1918 Guangzhou
• Among 36 newspapers, 20 sell opium to subsidize
  their newspaper operation
• Emerged- Ghost Newspaper ??
• - Tabloids on the Road ????

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Ching Pao ?? (1918-1937)
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Shao Piao Ping???(1886-1926)

• 1912-1928 Four War-lords governing Peking
• 1916 Peking Correspondent for Shun Po
• 1918 Founded Ching Pao
• 1926 Executed by war-lords

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Journalist in 20th Century, a 100 years ago

• Editorial room of Hong Kong Telegraph in 1881
  (photo)

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Club of Greenback

• In 1930s to 1960s, Hong Kong reporters were
  classified as Club of Greenback and Club of Red
  Guard. Political ideology became a label to
  separate journalist into two different world.

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1967 Riots in HK

• Results
• -Senior officials monitor Chinese newspapers daily

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1984 Representative Government

• Results
• -Government stressed public opinion
• -Chinese newspapers manipulate public opinion
• -Media boss, journalists and columnists
• social status quo raised to a high level

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1995 Journalist as paparazzo
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Nowadays

• -Media Group CEO 1.5M-3M
• -Management
• (Chief Editor/Controller) 1M-2.5M
• -Middle Management
• (News Editor/Managing Editor) 0.5M-1M
• -Frontline Journalist 0.12M-0.3M

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Nowadays

• Objectivity
• -Credibility

• Define reality
• - A privilege of final words???