Sport and Exercise Psychology

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Chapter 9

• Sport and Exercise Psychology

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Sport Psychology -Defined

• The systematic scholarly study of the behavior,
  feelings, and thoughts of people engaged in
  sport, exercise, and physical activity-Vealey

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Defined-Continued

• Focuses on the psychological and mental aspects
  of participation in sport and exercise, seeking
  to understand how psychological processes
  influence and are influenced by participation
  (AAASP).

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Historical Development

• Early history is sport psychology is related to
  Motor Learning.
• Both emerged as sub-disciplines in the late
  1960s- and early 1970s.

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Early History

• Norman Triplett, 1898, studied the effects of an
  audience on motor performance.
• Coleman Griffith, 1918, (father of sport
  psychology) wrote Psychology of Coaching in 1926
  and Psychology of Athletics in 1928.

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Early History-continued

• Griffith, 1938, hired by Philip Wrigley as the
  Chicago Cubs baseball teams sport psychologist.
  Researched ways to enhance motivation and develop
  self-confidence.

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Early History-continued

• 1940-1965 Research was sporadic. After WW2
  Motor Learning programs were established in
  colleges and universities. Henry, Slater-Hammel,
  Hubbard, and Lawther developed research in motor
  learning and performance. (currently within the
  realm of sport psychology)

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Early History-continued

• 1949, Warren Johnson, looked at pre game emotion
  in football. 1951, The Psychology of Coaching
  (emotions associated with competition).
• 1964, Bryant Cratty, Movement Behavior and Motor
  Learning and 1967-Psychology and Physical Activity

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History-Continued

• Late 1960s-Early 1970s-emergence of Sport
  Psychology. Courses were developed within grad
  and undergrad programs.
• 1965 International Society of Sport Psychology
  was founded.
• Journal of Sport Psychology began publication in
  1979.

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History-continued

• 1980s Tremendous Expansion
• Intervention/Performance Enhancement
• Health Psychology
• Social Psychology
• Clinically trained psychologists
• Applied approach
• Psychological factors that influence
  participation in fitness, wellness, etc

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History-continued

• 1990s separation of study in Sport Psychology
  and Exercise Psychology.

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Areas of Study

• Why do some athletes choke under pressure?
• Why do some postcardiac patients fail to complete
  their rehab program?
• Does exercise reduce stress?

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Areas of Study-Continued

• Research in Psychology can help teachers,
  scientists, sport leaders make modifications to
  programs to enrich experiences for clients.

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Psychological Benefits of Exercise

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Exercise Adherence

• Estimated ½ of all patients fail to comply with
  medical treatment. Why?
• Classic Learning Theories
• Health Belief Model
• Social Cognitive Theory
• Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior
• Ecological Approach

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The Transtheoretical Model-Prochaskas Stages of
Change

• Precontemplation
• Contemplation
• Preparation
• Action
• Maintenance
• Termination
• Decisional Balance
• Self Efficacy

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Why do individuals drop out of programming?

• Low Self Motivation
• Depression
• Low Self Efficacy
• Denial of seriousness of condition

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Who Drops OUT?

• Smokers
• Blue Collar Workers
• Obese Individuals
• Type A Personalities
• People who lack support from others

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Personalities

• Does Sport Influence Personality?
• Are their Psychological Differences between
  Athletes and Non-Athletes? Or between Elite
  Athletes and their less successful competitors?
• 1. 2. 3. 4.

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Anxiety and Arousal

• Anxiety A subjective feeling of apprehension
  accompanied by a heightened level of
  physiological arousal. (sweaty hands, urge to
  urinate, increased respiration rate, elevated
  heart rate, increased muscle tension) State/Trait

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Anxiety and Arousal

• Arousal
• Low Level of Arousal may create motivation,
  inattention, and inappropriate slow movement
  choices.
• High Level of Arousal may cause deterioration in
  coordination, inappropriate narrowing of
  attention, distractibility, lack of flexibility
  in movement response.

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Goal Setting

• Goal Setting is important as a motivational
  strategy, and a strategy to change behavior or
  enhance performance.
• Outcome Goals
• Performance Goals
• Process Goals

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Principles of Effective Goal Setting

• Specific
• Measurable
• Action Oriented
• Realistic
• Timely

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Self Talk

• Task Relevant Statements
• Positive Self Statements
• Mood Words

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Application of Self Talk

• Uses for
• Enhancing Skill
• Focusing Attention
• Modifying activation
• Promoting Self Confidence

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Attention

• Attention the ability to direct senses and
  thought processes to particular objects, thoughts
  and feelings.
• Can be Width Dimension or Direction Dimension

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