ECONOMIC LIBERALISATION AND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN FISHERIES SECTOR

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ECONOMIC LIBERALISATION AND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
IN FISHERIES SECTOR

• OVERVIEW OF THE SECTOR
• LIBERALISATION MEASURES
• RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

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FISHERIES SECTOR IN TANZANIA

• Statistical information on the fisheries is
  inadequate and not much can be deduced from it
• MARINE AND FRESH WATER FISHERIES
• MARINE TANZANIA COASTLINE ZANZIBAR ISLANDS AND
  MAFIA ISLAND
• FRESH WATER GREAT LAKES, SMALL LAKES AND RIVERS

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FISHERIES IN LAKE VICTORIA

• Lake Victoria, the worlds second largest
  freshwater lake (after Lake Superior)
• Tanzania has jurisdiction over some 49 (about
  34,700 km2) of Lake Victoria
• While the introduction of the perch into the lake
  in the 1950s triggered dramatic changes in the
  lakes eco-system, it also spawned a whole new
  industry related to the capture, processing and
  subsequent export of perch fillets.

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TANZANIA
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FISHERIES IN LAKE VICTORIA
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MWANZA CITY
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MWANZA
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MWANZA
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Controversial film
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DARWINS NIGHTMARE

• Darwins Nightmare film was produced by a
  freelance journalist of Austrian descent based in
  France.
• GLOBALISATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON A DEVELOPING
  ECONOMY
• INTERNATIONAL FISH TRADE COMPANIES BENEFITING AT
  THE EXPENSE OF DETERIORATING LIVELIHOODS OF THE
  LOCAL COMMUNITIES
• There's no voice-over narration in ''Darwin's
  Nightmare," Hubert Sauper's despairing, essential
  documentary about environmental and social
  cataclysm in Africa.

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DARWINS NIGHTMARE

• What sounds like healthy reciprocal capitalism
  plays out as a worst-case scenario of
  exploitation and societal damage. With the
  factories owned by East Indian immigrants,
  townspeople can't afford the fish they catch
• the Nile Perch (Sangara) trade from Mwanza region
  in Tanzania facilitates poverty, hunger,
  prostitution, homelessness to children,
  environmental destruction, loss of lake Victoria
  biodiversity and human rights abuse in the area.
• high quality Nile Perch fillets are exported to
  the European market while the locals are left
  with fish remains, specifically the head and
  skeleton, popularly known by the Kiswahili word
  mapanki.

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DARWINS NIGHTMARE

• MPs tell Mwanza fisheries to clear Darwins
  Nightmare Thu, Nov 02, 2006
• Fishery department has been urged to do
  everything at its disposal to ensure Tanzania
  regains its goodwill in European Union (EU) fish
  fillet market tainted by the Darwins Nightmare
  film.
• Ndugai expressed concerns that the international
  image of the fish-fillet exporting industry in
  Mwanza was still shaky due to the 2004 Darwins
  Nightmare film produced by an Austrian director
  based in France, Hubert Sauper.
• Darwins Nightmare look at the economic and
  social impact of the release of a bucket full of
  Nile Perch into Lake Victoria. Over time, the
  perchs fleshy white fillets proved popular on
  European dinner tables and spawned an industry
  worth millions of pounds a month.
• Mini boomtowns emerged on the lakeshore.

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DARWINS NIGHTMARE

• The film claims this business has exacted huge
  cost on the Tanzanian community.
• They share in none of the profits, are exploited
  by overseas business interests, while ending up
  to consume fish leftovers, (mapanki).
• In August, the documentary drew a furious
  reaction from President Jakaya Kikwete with
  remarks that it had hurt the countrys image and
  caused a slump in exports of Nile Perch.

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FISHERIES IN MWANZA

• Lake Victoria directly and indirectly provides a
  livelihood for their households as well as myriad
  traders, boatbuilders, gear artisans,
  transporters, and others who offer support
  services connected with the fisheries.
• Fishing in Lake Victoria has a long historical
  background.
• Prior to the flourishing of international fish
  fillet from Mwanza, fishing was not a major
  economic activities in Mwanza region

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FISHERIES IN MWANZA

• It was dominated by artisanal operators equipped
  with canoes and various types of gears including
  gillnets, seines, traps, and longlines
• The fisheries are still heavily dominated by
  artisanal operators whose activities are mostly
  confined to the shallow inshore areas.
• most fishing activity involves small-scale,
  non-mechanised units and rather low investment
  levels.
• Even such artisanal operations vary considerably
  in their features

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CHANGES IN FISHERIES INDUSTRY

• The impact of the introduction of Nile perch,
  Lates niloticus (L.) on the fisheries of Lake
  Victoria - A. P. Achieng  (1990)
• The Nile perch was introduced into Lake Victoria
  some 30 years ago, since when it has completely
  transformed the fishing industry and the species
  composition of the fish fauna of the lake.
• Nile perch first appeared in Lake Victoria in the
  late 1950s, when it may have have been introduced
  deliberately. The ecology of the Lake has been
  significantly affected by this action. By 1980
  catches started to increase substantially to the
  present level estimated at 500,000 tonnes per
  annum.

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CHANGES IN FISHERIES INDUSTRY

• The original multispecies fishery, based mostly
  on cichlids (haplochromines, tilapias), cyprinids
  (Barbus, Labeo, Rastrineobola) and siluroids
  (Bagrus, Clarias, Synodontis, Schilbe), has
  changed dramatically to one based on three
  species the introduced Nile perch, the
  cyprinids, Rastrineobola argenrea (Pellegrin),
  and the introduced Nile tilapia, Oreochromis
  niloticus (Linnaeus).

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The Nile Perch

• The Nile perch Lates niloticus is a large
  freshwater fish found extensively in the rivers
  and lakes of Africa. Also known as capitaine,
  mputa or sangara, it can grow up to 200 kg and
  two metres in length. It is a predator, and lives
  and feeds throughout the water column. Its main
  attractions as a food fish are its abundance,
  ease of catching with a variety of artisanal and
  industrial techniques, its large size and very
  palatable bone-free white flesh.

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CHANGES IN FISHERIES INDUSTRY

• Nile perch first appeared in Lake Victoria in the
  late 1950s. The fish is locally known as Mbuta or
  Sangara. Fishery experts say it can grow to two
  metres in length and weigh 200 kg.
• In 25 years the Nile perch became ubiquitous and
  now occurs almost every. It has preyed on all
  other species with profound effects. The stocks
  of haplochromines. originally comprised 80 of
  the total fish biomass but have now decreased to
  less than 1.
• Nile perch, known locally as sangara, began to
  appear in significant numbers around Musoma and
  Mwanza in 1982.
• The fishermen of Lake Victoria have adjusted to
  this change
• Nile perch has become the most important
  commercial species. For the first fish fillets
  are now being exported to several overseas
  countries the fillets are all from Nile perch.

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CHANGES IN FISHERIES INDUSTRY

• The dramatic incursion and rapid ascendancy of
  the exogenous Nile perch, L. niloticus, it
  quickly became a dominant new feature of the
  Victoria waters of Tanzania
• Serious declines are registered for the
  Haplochromis species stocks O. esculentus --
  previously the most highly regarded and
  commercially important tilapia species is shown
  to have disappeared almost entirely.

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CHANGES IN FISHERIES SECTOR

• The decline of cotton production, after the
  decline of the crops price on the world market
  and the death of co- operative societies in
  Mwanza in early 1990s, had changed the social
  economic development of the region. The emergence
  of the Nile Perch trade has created new
  opportunities for development in the region.

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INTERNATIONAL DEMAND FOR FISH FILLET

• GROWTH OF DEMAND FOR FISH FILLET FROM EU
• JAPAN AND AUSTRALIA

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LIBERALISATION?
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LIBERALISATION
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OUTCOMES

• GROWTH IN FISHERIES SECTOR
• INTRODUCTION OF FISH PROCESSING INDUSTRIES
• TRANSFORMATION OF THE FISHERIES ECONOMY
• the greater integration of the fishing
  communities into the global market.
• LOSERS AND WINNERS

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Fish Processing Industries in Mwanza

• Tanzania Fish Processors LtdVicfish Tanperch
  Industies LtdNile perch Industries LtdMwanza
  Fish Industries LtdTanzania Fisheries
  Development Co. Ltd,
• Fish and Meat (T) LtdVictoria Fisheries
  LtdOmega Fish Factory

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OUTCOMES

• Mwanza City Council received about Tshs 1.3
  billion (1.3 million) in fish levy from the sale
  of fresh Nile perch processed by the fish plants
  between April and December 2001.
• Earnings for the central government in taxes and
  royalty from exportation of Nile perch fillets
  were estimated at Tshs 10 billion ( 10 million)
  annually.
• Tanzania produces about 220,000 tones of fresh
  and frozen fillets for export annually worth Tshs
  77 billion (77 million).
• About 80 per cent of the total production of Nile
  perch fillets are exported to Europe, while the
  rest is sold to the Asian market.

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OUTCOMES

• more than 19 fishlandings.
• The industry employs more 500,000 people.
• The fish industry has created direct and
  indirectly employment.
• Changes in the social and economic nature of the
  sector. Fishing is done mainly for commercial
  purposes, contrary to the traditional fishing
  which focused to household consumptions.

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outcomes

• about 52,000 fishermen benefit directly from Nile
  perch.
• Sources indicate that in 1999/2000, local
  fishermen earned Tsh 182 million ( 182,000)
  daily from selling their catch to the fish
  processing plants.
• It is also estimated that local fishermen earn
  about Tsh 65.5 billion ( 65.5 million) annually
  from the sale of Nile perch to 12 fish processing
  plants that have sprung up around the lake. There
  are chances that, these earnings may rise by 40
  per cent depending on market prices and the
  availability of the fish (Nile perch) from the
  Lake.
• Trade in the fish contributes about Tshs 1.7
  billion ( 1.7 Million) annually in levies to the
  Mwanza City Council alone.

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Limitations

• Nile Perch trade has undermined artisan fishing,
  denying income to traditional fishing
  communities. New fishing require more advanced
  gear. Mechanised fishing and trawling has
  rendered artisanal fishing system functionless.
  Artisanal fishermen and local fish processors are
  being driven out of business.
• Benefits from Nile Perch trade are not fairly
  distributed

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Limitations

• Social differentiation growing owners of boats,
  dug out canoe versus fishermen, low wages. There
  is a growing tendencies towards monopoly and
  control fisheries activities and incomes that
  bring unfairness e.g. traders have control over
  fishermen factory operators gain more control
  over agents/fisherman.
• Stratification fishing crew machinga at the
  lower level, to boat owners, traders and factory
  agents and factory owners.

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Limitations

• Local communities are being marginalised in the
  process
• Little of the benefits go into improving the
  livelihoods of the local community.
• Conditions at landing sites and villages nearby
  have not improved. Increasing levels of poverty.
• Pricing of Nile Perch The factory owners fix
  fish prices. The bargaining power of the fish
  factory agents, fishing crews, machinga and
  artisanal processors is low as they have no
  collective organization to promote their
  interests.

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Limitations

• Network between factory owners and fish traders
  at landing sites
• Factory owners sponsor artisanal matajiri
  (fishing vessel proprietors) by supplying nets
  and engines, the matajiri in return being obliged
  to deliver their catch to the factory. This
  effectively tied the matajiri to a specific
  processor
• This also facilitated further differentiation of
  chain members as more wealthy matajiri graduated
  to become trader/agents purchasing fish from
  other fishermen to supplement their own catch
  before on-selling to the factories

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Limitations

• Food insecurity
• Less fish stock is available for local
  consumption as most of the catch is taken for
  factory processing. Fish has become too expensive
  for the local population to buy.
• Women being marginalized traditional roles are
  no longer there. Women are engaged as
  wamachinga and processing of fish disqualified
  for industrial processing due to size.

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Limitations

• Little trickling down of benefits to local
  communities from the growing fish export
  industry. The local village governments are
  therefore unable to cater for the growing
  requirements of population and settlement
  dynamics along the lakeshores and in the islands,
  such as service and infrastructure development
  civic institutional organization, etc.

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Limitations

• But overdependence on one sector or sub-sector of
  the economy makes it more vulnerable to changes.
  There is need for economic diversification to
  avoid risks of overspecialization.
• Environmental problems Over-fishing and
  pollution. Environmental degradation of fishing
  settlements

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Limitations

• Social conflicts There is open access to fishery
  resources. The growing competition for fish
  resources has intensified conflicts between
  users. The conflicts are between big fishers and
  small scale fishers mainly using canoes, between
  those using boats and those using fish hooks,
  between Nile perch fishers and dagaa fishers.