Obesity

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Obesity and Diabetes
A Growing Epidemic
By Jennifer Brierley
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Section One

• Developing a Thesis and Finding Data

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What is obesity? What is diabetes? How are
obesity and diabetes related?
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What is Obesity?
Obesity by definition is an increase body weight
caused by excessive accumulation of fat.
How do you know if someone is obese?
What is a Body Mass Index?
A Body Mass Index commonly known as your BMI is a
common measure expressing the relationship of
weight-to-height.
A person is obese when their Body Mass Index
(BMI) exceeds 30 and a person is considered
overweight when their Body Mass Index is between
25 and 30.
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• Quick Data Fact
• The Body Mass Index Formula is a Mathematical
  Index
• A mathematical index is an arbitrarily defined
  number that provides a measure of scale.
• It is determined by a mathematical calculation
  that combines various attributes of each case in
  order to make comparisons.
• Mathematical Indices are found in Unit 3 (Tools
  for Analyzing Data)

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What is Diabetes?

• There are 3 types of diabetes
• Type 1 Diabetes
• Type 2 Diabetes
• Gestational Diabetes

Quick Fact! Type 2 Diabetes is one of the fastest
growing diseases in Canada with more than 60,000
new cases yearly.
Type 2 Diabetes can be prevented!
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How are Obesity and Diabetes related?
I researched the risk factors, health risks,
symptoms, and prevention methods for obesity and
diabetes. I then drew a mind map in order to
examine how obesity and diabetes are related.
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MIND MAP
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After analyzing the connections I was interested
in whether or not Canadians could reduce the risk
of diabetes if in fact they started to live a
healthy lifestyle.
Thesis Question
What effect do Canadians knowledge, attitudes
and behaviors concerning obesity have on type 2
diabetes?
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Hypothesis
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Section Two
Using Diagrams to find Connections and Organize
Ideas
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Cause and Effect
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Diets Role in Developing Diabetes
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Network Diagram
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Network Diagram

• Table that corresponds with network diagram.
• represents a relationship
• represents no relationship
• ----- represents that there is no relationship
  with itself

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Organization Chart
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Tree Diagram
Diabetes
Type 1
Type 2
Does not apply to project
Causes (risk factors)
Prevention
Obesity
Genetics
High risk ethnic groups
Had gestational diabetes
High cholesterol
High blood pressure
Given birth to a baby gt 9 lbs
Being age 40
Abdominal
Non abdominal
Does not apply to project
Be physically active
Achieve healthy weight and maintain it
Dont smoke
Limit intake of fat and sugar
Maintain normal blood pressure
Eat regular, balanced meals (include 4 food
groups)
Keep cholesterol and other fats within target
level
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Section Three
Analyzing Secondary Source Data
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Part One Obesity in Canada
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• The distribution of this graph is left skewed
  because the greatest frequencies are near the
  right end of the bar graph, although the 2004
  data could be viewed as a mound shaped
  distribution.
• The greatest obesity rates occur among adults
  ages 45 to 64.
• This is accurate as the onset of type two
  diabetes is around age 40

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Calculations
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This graph clearly and effectively shows that
Canadians need to pay attention to their weight
because since 1991 obesity rates have increased
by rapidly compared to the obesity rates from
1978 to 1991.
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Obesity Prevalence in 2000/01 of the population
ages 20 to 64 (in this graph obesity is measured
by someone with a BMIgt27)
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Prevalence of Obesity in Canada from 1985 to
1998
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Percentage distribution of body mass index (BMI)
by sex (2004)
This shows that obesity is a rising problem in
Canada because in men the percentage of obesity
is only 10 below the percentage of the
population with a normal weight and in women it
is only 20 below.
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Obesity Rates by Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
(2004)
MMMMM
Left Skewed Distribution
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Obesity Rates by Physical Activity Level (2004)
Left Skewed Distribution
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Obesity Rates by Level of Education Obtained
(2004)
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Part Two Diabetes in Canada
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Prevalence Rate of Diagnosed Diabetes by Age and
Sex (1998/99)
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Trends in the prevalence of diabetes (1994 to
2002)
  Coefficient of determination (r2) 0.974
Did you know that diabetes is the 7th leading
cause of death in Canada!!!!
This graph evidently displays the increase in the
prevalence of diabetes over the years.
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Mortality Rates due to Diabetes
Estimated Future Deaths from Diabetes (Number of
actual and projected deaths due to diabetes by
sex, Canada, 1970 - 2050)
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Part Three Effects of Obesity on
Diabetes (correlation between the two)
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Prevalence of Diabetes by Body Mass Index (BMI)
Category
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Relative Risk for Comorbidities in Obese Subjects
(1997)
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Observations and Conclusions based on Secondary
Data

• Obesity is an rapidly increasing health risk in
  Canadian society
• Obesity and diabetes are directly correlated.
• Obesity is a modifiable risk factor of diabetes
• Diet and Physical Exercise prevent both diseases
• Diabetes prevalence in Canada is on the rise. It
  is already the 7th leading cause of death. If it
  continues to increase it will produce a major
  health epidemic in our society.

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How can we fix this fast approaching epidemic?
What effect do Canadians knowledge, attitudes,
and behaviors concerning obesity have on type two
diabetes?
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Section Four Analyzing Primary Source Data
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Gender Response Frequency
Gender Distribution of Survey Respondents
60
50
40
Frequency
30
20
10
0
Male
Female
Unknown
Gender
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Age Distribution
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Section Five Conclusion Data Sources and
Limitations Bias
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Conclusion
Obesity rates in Canada are increasing rapidly.
Why? Do Canadians not know about how to live a
healthy life? Do they not care? Are they just
choosing not to live a healthy life? 23 of the
population is obese. Obesity has many serious
health consequences, one being diabetes, which is
directly correlated. Diabetes in Canada is on
the rise as well. Diabetes is the 7th leading
cause of death in Canada at the moment. If
obesity leads to the development of type two
diabetes then as obesity continues to rise so
will the development of diabetes and ultimately
more deaths.
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Conclusion Continued
After many hours of research and analysis of
graphs I realized that the Canadians knowledge
about obesity and its consequences is reasonably
good and their attitude towards solving the
problem and reducing obesity rates is good. Then
why are obesity rates still so high. The reason
is behavior. Canadians are not acting upon their
knowledge and attitudes toward obesity. In my
survey almost 80 of the people new the correct
number of servings of fruit and vegetables you
need per day but in the secondary source graph
80 were not eating the correct amount. In order
to solve the rising epidemic I believe that the
government should develop programs to encourage
the behaviors of Canadians towards a healthy
living in order to reduce obesity and thus reduce
diabetes. Obesity is a modifiable risk factor
for diabetes and stats show that an intensive
healthy lifestyle (physical exercise) can reduce
the risk of developing type two diabetes in an
obese person by 58. A person can reduce
symptoms of diabetes through physical activity
and proper diet. With obesity being a modifiable
risk factor for diabetes, by improving Canadians
behaviors towards obesity we can solve two major
health issues as well as other benefits such as
health care costs. If Canada could increase the
number of physically active Canadians by 1 then
the annual saving in the cost of treating type
two diabetes would be 877,000. In conclusion
obesity is a huge factor in reducing diabetes and
in order to accomplish that the behaviors of
Canadians need to be addressed because that is
what the general population is lacking, not the
knowledge, not the attitudes, but the behaviors.
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• Data Sources and Limitations
• Data Sources
• The majority of my data was found using reputable
  statistic sources. The main two data sources I
  used were
• Statistics Canada I found the majority of my
  raw data for my secondary sources there.
• Health Canada I found many published and
  approved reports on obesity, diabetes , and the
  correlation between the two.
• Limitations
• For the obesity data there were a few limitations
  in the secondary sources.
• There was not a lot of available data that
  included the under 18 age group because the body
  mass index standards differ for adults and
  children. This was a limitation because my
  survey evaluated data from people under 18.
• Data was not collected from the territories.
• For the diabetes data there was one big
  limitation and that was the fact that statistics
  do not differ from the various types of diabetes.
  The stats represented all 3 types type 1, type
  2, and gestational. Although it might have
  skewed the data slightly, type 2 diabetes
  accounts for 90 of all cases so it wasnt too
  much of a problem.

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Bias
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Thank You