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Newborn behaviors and early interactions

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Mouth opening: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k72WFYv6WMw ... 12 Maithil neonates (6 boys and 6 girls) during first hour. Lips widened and lips pursed. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Newborn behaviors and early interactions


1
Newborn behaviors and early interactions
  • Daniel Messinger

2
Questions
  • Neonate What do studies of neonatal imitation
    indicate? Based on your observations, can
    neonatal macaques imitate? What form do neonatal
    smiles have? Are they due to gas? Are they a
    reflex? What is a reflex?
  • What are advantages of breast-feeding? What
    issues are relevant to promoting breast-feeding?
  • What is the central issue in investigating the
    effects of breast-feeding  vs. bottle-feeding?
    How do infant and mother interact (influence each
    other) during feeding? How is this and how is it
    not interaction? How do your observations of
    feeding relate to this topic?
  • Discuss the Brazelton exam and what it reveals
    about the individuality of neonates (give
    examples from film).

3
Neonates are newborns
  • Subjectivity
  • Neonatal imitation - video
  • Characteristics and capacities
  • Evaluation of individuality through the Brazelton
    exam
  • film
  • Reflexes
  • Neonatal smiling
  • video
  • Feeding

4
Neonates are
  • Weak with limited motor capacities and
    self-regulatory capabilities
  • But an impressive array of reflexes and learning
    abilities that aid self-preservation
  • Functional but immature sensory capacities
  • Strident expressive abilities such as crying
  • Engage in primitive interactions such as during
    feeding

5
Subjectivity
  • The baby, assailed by eyes, ears, nose, skin, and
    entrails at once. Feels that all is one great
    blooming buzzing confusion.
  • William James, 1890

Some support Enhanced neural intermingling newbor
n sensations mixed together like a
boulillabaisse (Maurer Maurer, 1988).
6
Contemporary subjectivity
  • Some multimodal comprehension
  • imitation
  • Continuous, rapid integration
  • Infant is always learning about, interacting with
    world.

7
Neonatal imitation
  • Infants between 12 and 21 days
  • Imitation implies that human neonates can equate
    their own unseen behaviors with gestures they see
    others perform.

ANDREW N. MELTZOFF 1 and M. KEITH MOORE 21
8
Monkey see, monkey do?
  • Macaque imitation (Ferrari et al., 2006)?
  • day 1 mouth openings elicited a similar matched
    behavior (lip smacking).
  • confined to a narrow temporal window.
  • Mouth opening http//www.youtube.com/watch?vk72W
    FYv6WMw
  • Tongue protrusion http//www.youtube.com/watch?v
    -9k4Y8x-L6E
  • Chimps imitate mouth opening (Bard, 2007)
  • Debate What exactly does infant do in response
    to exactly what stimulus?
  • Human example http//www.youtube.com/watch?vk2Yd
    kQ1G5QINR1

9
What does it mean?
  • Amodal ability
  • Means to explore world
  • Why does it disappear?

10
methodological aspects
  • imitation of tongue protrusion for both two- to
    three-day-old and three-week-old infants but not
    at three months old.
  • No effect for imitation of mouth opening.
  • short-term stability in imitative tendencies
    exists between the first and second observation.
  • overall imitation found for tongue protrusion is
    demonstrated to be dependent on how the infants'
    responses are coded.
  • Heimann M, Nelson KE, Schaller J. Scand J
    Psychol. 198930(2)90-101.

11
Neonatal Imitation in the First Hour of Life
Observations in Rural Nepal
  • 12 Maithil neonates (6 boys and 6 girls) during
    first hour.
  • Lips widened and lips pursed.
  • neonates moved their lips more in accordance with
    model's lip position than at variance with the
    positions.
  • Developmental Psychology, 1988, Vol. 24, No. 4,
    464--469 Nadja Reissland

12
Neonatal SmilingA Developmental Puzzle
13
Whats known
  • Endogenous smiles while asleep (REM)
  • Not more frequent after feeding
  • Not gas
  • More smiling in premature infants
  • Smiling in microcephalic infant
  • Suggests neonatal smiling is subcortical
  • Nothing is known about how neonates smile
  • type of smile

14
Smile meaning
  • Duchenne smiles associated with positive
    experiences
  • Involve cheek raising
  • Open mouth smiles also associated with positive
    experiences, and especially with arousal
  • Involve jaw dropping
  • Open mouth Duchenne smiles (combined) may be the
    most positive
  • Involve cheek raising and jaw dropping

15
Duchenne gt open-mouth smiles
  • Half of smiles are Duchenne, suggests joy
  • 52 of neonates, .21 times per minute
  • Few open mouth smiles (which suggest social
    arousal), 8, .02 times per minute

16
How neonates smile
17
Smiling issues
  • Are babies feeling joy (but not much arousal) or
    is this a muscular synergy?
  • Why does smiling disappear after the neonatal
    period and before social smiling?
  • Neonates smile in non-sleep states, but not as
    frequently.
  • Naïve observers perceive neonatal smiles at less
    than half the rate of coders.
  • Video

18
Altricial-------------------Precocial
  • altricial - young are relatively immobile, lack
    hair, require adult care
  • Precocial mature sensory and motor apparatus,
    mobile 
  • What are humans?

19
Tasks of the neonatal period
  • Infant
  • Energy conservation
  • Gain body weight
  • Born 7 ½ pounds, 20 inches long
  • Parent
  • Coordinate schedule
  • Sleep about sixteen hours a day
  • Eat approximately every three hours
  • In first year, most infants grow about ten inches

20
Importance of feeding
  • Young babies must conserve energy
  • But sucking serves nutrition
  • So they will suck to produce interesting stimuli
  • before they will kick to produce the same stimuli

21
Time feeding decreases with age
22
Committee on NutritionAmerican Acad. Of Peds
  • Three overlapping stages
  • Nursing Birth to 6 months
  • Transitional period - 4 - 12 months
  • Modified adult - 12 - 24 months

23
Nursing Period (0 - 6 months)
  • Who breast feeds?
  • 50 - 60 of mothers
  • Highest among college educated, high-income
    mothers above 30
  • Lowest among young , less educated, black,
    Hispanic, economically disadvantaged
  • MLS
  • Resources (La Leche League, J. of H. Lact.)

24
Breast-feeding Advantages
  • Human milk - the nutritional standard
  • Sterile (vs. formula use in underdeveloped
    countries)
  • Confers antibodies to baby
  • Lactose (from milk) is the primary carbohydrate
    in the young infants diet.
  • Too little protein - restricted growth.
  • For mother, breastfeeding promotes
  • uterine contraction

25
Bottle feeding is ok
  • Harder to breast-feed when working
  • Formula provides whats needed for healthy growth
  • Normal growth - the best index of good nutrition

26
Breastfeeding Long-term outcomes?
  • Breastfed babies do better than bottle-fed babies
    - and the longer they are breastfed, the better
    they do - on various measures of cognitive
    achievement and outcome
  • WISC intelligence at 8 and 9 years of age
  • Math and reading from 8 to 12 years
  • High school attainment exams at 15 16
  • L. John Horwood and David M. Fergusson (1998).
    Breastfeeding and Later Cognitive and Academic
    Outcomes. Pediatrics, 101 (1), e9

27
Other factors may be responsible
  • Breastfed babies have other advantages
  • Better educated mothers
  • More well to-do familes
  • Mothers less likely to smoke
  • Infants a little heavier at birth

28
But . .
  • Breasteeding is still associated with positive
    outcomes after statistically controlling for
    other factors
  • What might be producing the breastfeeding effect?

29
Other issues
  • Schedule vs. demand feeding
  • Historical changes expert advice
  • Cross-cultural evidence, cues and common-sense

30
Infant sucking a specialized process
  • Gums make the seal
  • Not lips
  • Lower jaw drops to create negative pressure
  • Not by by breathing in
  • Tongue expresses milk from back of nipple to
    front
  • Which is why young infants expel solids
  • Which triggers swallowing

31
Sucking process figure
32
Feeding is interaction
  • Bi-directional
  • Each partner influences the other
  • Infant can continue suck or pause sucking
  • Mother can jiggle or not jiggle nipple
  • Forerunner of face-to-face interaction and
    conversational turn-taking?

33
Bi-directional detail
  • Baby pauses elicit mom jiggling nipple
  • should be rare when the baby is sucking
  • If jiggle continues, infant least likely to suck
  • If there is no jiggle, intermediate likelihood of
    sucking
  • If jiggle-then-stop, infant is most likely to
    suck
  • Experimental data show the jiggle must be brief
  • Mothers shorten duration of jiggles in 1st 2
    weeks

34
Moms influence on baby
  • Mothers are inserting jiggles in cycles of infant
    sucks and pauses
  • So infant would start sucking even if mom did not
    jiggle
  • But jiggling and then stopping jiggling does
    encourage suck

35
Psychology of early feeding
  • Early anaclitic model
  • interaction depends on nourishment
  • Current interactive view
  • Breast or bottle doesnt matter for interaction
  • Reading babys cues
  • Interactive process

36
Paired concepts from Video
  • Mother and infant
  • Interaction and feeding
  • Sensitivity and matter-of-factness
  • Quantitative and qualitative measures

37
Sensory system development
38
Sensory capacity
  • Smell
  • Turn down the corners of their mouths to bad
    smells, such as rotten eggs
  • Facial relaxation to sweet smells like chocolate
  • Taste is similar
  • Discriminate bitter, neutral, and sweet (Oster)
  • Prefer sweet tastes to all others
  • Evolutionary advantages

39
Sensory capacity Vision
  • Vision is functional from birth
  • But acuity is 1/25 that of adults
  • 20500,
  • blurry but in color
  • Improves to 2020 by six months

40
Auditory Abilities Hearing
  • 40-50 Db. Not 10
  • Sound localization is good
  • Detect one note differences

41
Reflexes
  • Definition A given stimuli produces a
    stereotypic response
  • Relatively invariant
  • Is smiling a reflex?
  • Spinal cord control Present in anencephaly
  • Primitive reflexes
  • Sucking and grasping

42
Reflex functionality
  • Survival and protection
  • Sucking
  • Grasping (evolutionary environment)
  • Habituation
  • Development
  • Bases for later action
  • Sucking (Piaget)
  • But also drop out

43
Brazelton Scale (NBAS)
  • Assesses Four Dimensions of Infant Behavior
  • Motor Behavior and Reflexes
  • Physiological Control
  • Response to Stress
  • Interactive Behaviors

44
Integrated into a
  • Behavioral "portrait" of the infant, describing
    the baby's strengths, individuality, adaptive
    responses and possible vulnerabilities.
  • These individual differences are used for
    different purposes
  • Clinical (neurological)
  • Research
  • Parent education

45
Behavior depends on state
  • Links input and output
  • Though babies can influence behavioral state
    through their activities
  • Self-regulating

46
Simplified system
  • (1) Sleeping eyes closed throughout feeding
    session.
  • (2) Drowsy eyes may be open but dull and heavy
    lidded, eyelids fluttering, Gaze does not shift,
    baby may stare.
  • (3) Alert eyes opened, seems to focus on the
    caretaker or bottle.
  • (4) Fussy/crying whimpering or crying during
    food.

47
Most time sleeping
48
Mean duration of waking increases
49
Brazelton exam overview
  • Individual differences
  • Best performance
  • State as baseline for behavior
  • Examiner changes behavior
  • Allowing infants to express individual
    differences in self-comforting, attentiveness,
    state-regulation, etc.
  • Video

50
Brazelton doing the Brazelton
  • State as baseline for behavior
  • Habituation
  • Unwrapping
  • Reflexes
  • Hand to Mouth to Comfort Self
  • Upper extremities
  • Sucking reflex
  • Coordinated with Swallowing and Breathing
  • Response to stress Sequence

51
Grasping reflex
  • Stimulation Palm of babys hand is stroked
  • Behavior Baby makes strong fist can be raised
    to standing position if both fists are closed
    around a stick.
  • Approx. Age of dropping out 2 months

52
Walking
  • Stimulation Baby is held with bare feet touching
    flat surface
  • Behavior Baby makes step-like motions that look
    like well-coordinated walking
  • Approx. Age of dropping out 2 months
  • Why does it drop out?
  • Under what circumstances can it be seen
  • even after two months
  • What does this tell us about developmental
    process?

53
Placing
  • Stimulation Backs of babys feet are drawn
    against edge of flat surface.
  • Behavior Baby withdraws foot
  • Approx. Age of dropping out 1 months

54
Moro (startle)
  • Stimulation Baby is dropped or hear loud noise
  • Behavior Baby extends legs, arms, and fingers
    arches back draw back head.
  • Approx. Age of dropping out 3 months

55
Other reflexes
  • Defensive response
  • Remove cloth
  • Spin

56
Behavioral regulation
  • Self other
  • Cuddling
  • Self-calming
  • Series of interventions
  • Dressing

57
Tonic neck
  • Stimulation Baby is laid down on back
  • Behavior Baby turns head to one side, assumes
    fencer position, extends arms and legs on
    preferred side, flexes opposite limbs.
  • Approx. Age of dropping out 2 months

58
Orientation animate
  • Interactive behaviors
  • Voice and face
  • Face only
  • Voice only
  • Auditory localization

59
Orientation inanimate
  • Rattle
  • Sight and sound
  • Sound only
  • Ball
  • Visual only
  • Continuous sight
  • Up?

60
Babinski
  • Stimulation Sole of babys foot is stroked
  • Behavior Babys toes fan out foot twists in
  • Approx. Age of dropping out 6-9 months

61
Immunity
  • Newborns have immature immune systems
  • but receive antibodies from mother prenatally
  • conferring some resistance.
  • Immunities from mother gone by 6 - 12 months
  • so infants are most vulnerable between 6 - 24
    months
  • immune system is relatively mature by 3 years

62
Diarrhea
  • 3 episodes by age 3
  • Leading cause of childrens death in developing
    countries
  • 23 under five years of age
  • Kills by dehydration
  • oral rehydration therapy
  • water with salt and glucose

63
Epidemiology
  • Infancy is a hazardous time.
  • Worldwide deaths during infancy
  • 2 million deaths from measles
  • 600,000 from whooping cough
  • 1,000,000 from tetanus
  • Easily avoided . . .

64
Additional neonate readings
  • Brazelton et al. on neonatal individuality
  • Lester et al. on neonatal individuality through
    differences in pain cries
  • Colic as an individual difference that does not
    predict
  • Can neonates imitate? (Meltzoff et al.)
  • Causes and consequences of imitation. By Heyes,
    C. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2001 Jun Vol
    5(6) 253-261
  • No compelling evidence that newborns imitate oral
    gestures. Anisfeld, M Turkewitz, G Rose, SA.
    Rosenberg, F R. Sheiber, F J. Couturier-Fagan,
    D A. Ger, J S. Sommer, Infancy. 2001 Vol 2(1)
    111-122
  • Multimodal perception studies
  • Wolff

65
Additional Feeding Readings
  • L. John Horwood and David M. Fergusson (1998).
    Breastfeeding and Later Cognitive and Academic
    Outcomes. Pediatrics, 101 (1), e9
  • Kaye Wells (1980).
  • Rovee-Collier and the energy budget

66
Heart rate classic orienting index
67
Heart rate variability ? vagal tone ? index of
optimal functioning
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