Myers PSYCHOLOGY 8th Edition in Modules

1
Myers PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition in Modules)

• Module 18
• Waking and Sleeping Rhythms

2
Waking Consciousness

• Consciousness
• our awareness of ourselves and our environments

3
Waking Consciousness

• Selective Attention
• focusing of consciousness on a particular
  stimulus
• as in the cocktail party effect (the ability to
  attend selectively to only one voice among many).
• At the level of conscious awareness, whatever has
  your attention pretty much has your undivided
  attention.
• Note the change blindness experiment on page
  205 most people did not notice when the person
  giving them directions changed to another person.

4
Sleep and Dreams

• Biological Rhythms
• periodic physiological fluctuations
• Circadian Rhythm
• the biological clock
• regular bodily rhythms, such as of wakefulness
  and body temperature, that occur on a 24-hour
  cycle
• Bright light helps reset our biological clocks

5
Sleep and Dreams

• Measuring sleep activity

6
Brain Waves and Sleep Stages

• Alpha Waves
• slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain
• Delta Waves
• large, slow waves of deep sleep
• Hallucinations
• false sensory experiences

7
Sleep

• Fully awake beta waves (small and fast)
• Just before sleep/drowsiness alpha waves
  (slightly larger and slower)
• Hypnagogic hallucinations vivid sensory
  phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep.
• Slow wave sleep Stages 1-4 include slowing of
  body functions.

8
Stages of Sleep

• Stage 1
• Brain activity theta waves (even slower than
  alpha)
• Duration a few minutes
• Consciousness transition from wakefulness to
  sleep
• You can quickly regain alertness from this stage
  and may have hypnagogic hallucinations.

9
Sleep Stages II

• Stage 2
• Brain activity theta waves (even slower than
  alpha) and sleep spindles brain activity
  continues to slow down considerably delta waves
  begin to emerge
• Duration twenty or more minutes
• Consciousness onset of true sleep
• Breathing becomes rhythmical and slight muscle
  twitches may occur

10
Sleep Stages III

• Stage 3
• Brain activitymixture of theta and delta waves
  delta waves are 20-50 of brain wave activity
• Duration twenty or more minutes
• Consciousness Sleeper oblivious to the world
  slow-wave sleep
• further slowing of all body functions

11
Sleep Stages IV

• Stage IV
• Brain activity 50-100 delta waves
• Duration twenty or more minutes
• Consciousness Sleeper oblivious to the world
  muscle movement still occurs this is the stage
  when sleepwalking will occur Can take more than
  15 minutes to return to normal consciousness
• heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rate
  drop to their lowest levels

12
Carries EEG shows sleep spindles. Which stage
of sleep is she in?

• A. stage 1
• B. stage 2
• C. stage 3
• D. REM

13
REM Sleep

• Brain activity fast, active brain waves
  accompanied by rapid eye movements visual and
  motor neurons in the brain fire repeatedly, just
  as they do during wakefulness
• Duration five or more minutes
• Consciousness dreams occur
• Voluntary muscle movement suppressed though
  muscle twitches may occur heart rate, blood
  pressure, and breathing fluctuate considerably
• Called paradoxical sleep, because although the
  brain waves look like stage 1 sleep, the body is
  more aroused during REM sleep than during stage 1
  sleep.

14
Patterns of Sleep

• Throughout the night, the sleeper cycles between
  regular and REM sleep, in 70-120 minute cycles.
• Stage 2 and REM periods increase in duration
  throughout the night, while stage 3 and 4
  shorten.
• Over the course of the life span, individuals
  sleep less.
• Infants sleep about 16 hours a day the average
  72 yr old sleeps about 6 hours.
• Infants spend half their sleep time in REM
  adults spend less than 25.

15
Sleep Across the Lifespan
16
Stages in a Typical Nights Sleep
17
Stages in a Typical Nights Sleep
18
Sleep Disorders

• Insomnia Trouble falling asleep or staying
  asleep
• Narcolepsy Falling asleep in the midst of
  waking activities.
• Sleep Apnea Stop breathing briefly but
  repeatedly during the night.
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome When a baby stops
  breathing and dies during sleep.
• Nightmares
• Night Terrors Horrific dream images occurring
  during state IV sleep followed by a rapid
  awakening and an intense feeling of fear. occur
  within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually
  during Stage 4
• high arousal-- appearance of being terrified
• seldom remembered

19
Those who complain of insomnia typically _______
how long it actually takes them to fall asleep
and ________ how long they actually slept.

• A. underestimate overestimate
• B. overestimate underestimate
• C. underestimate underestimate
• D. overestimate overestimate

20
Preventing SIDS

• Put baby to sleep on his/her back
• Do not allow anyone to smoke around your baby or
  in your babys home/surroundings.
• Do not place ANY blankets, toys or pillows in
  babys crib/cradle until he/she is at least one
  year old.
• Keep the temperature between 63 and 68 degrees.
  Make every effort to keep baby free from
  infection and treat illness immediately
• Use a firm mattress. Do not use a hand-me-down
  mattress.
• Get proper prenatal care and nutrition

21
Sleep Deprivation

• Effects of Sleep Loss
• fatigue
• impaired concentration
• depressed immune system
• greater vulnerability to accidents

22
Sleep Deprivation
23
Dreams Freud

• Dreams
• sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts
  passing through a sleeping persons mind
• hallucinatory imagery
• discontinuities
• incongruities
• delusional acceptance of the content
• difficulties remembering

24
Your friend insists that she rarely has dreams.
What is the most likely explanation for this
situation?

• A. She probably has dreams every night, but
  only rarely remembers her dreams.
• B. She probably uses barbiturates to help her
  sleep every night.
• C. This is normal most people never dream.
• D. She stays up too late at night and gets up
  too early in the morning.

25
Dreams Freud

• Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams
  (1900)
• wish fulfillment
• discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings
• Manifest Content
• remembered story line
• Latent Content
• underlying meaning

26
Dreams

• As Information Processing
• helps facilitate memories
• As a Physiological Function
• periodic brain stimulation
• REM Rebound
• REM sleep increases following REM sleep
  deprivation